SEGA Confidential
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(6/27/95- 002)
NOTE: A reader's comment/correction form is provided with this
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SEGA Confidential
TM
VDP1
User's Manual
Doc. # ST-013-R3-061694
© 1994-95 SEGA. All Rights Reserved.
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SEGA Confidential
General Information:
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VDP1 User's Manual
READER CORRECTION/COMMENT SHEET
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SEGA Confidential
REFERENCES
In translating/creating this document, certain technical words and/or phrases were interpreted
with the assistance of the technical literature listed below.
1.
Dictionary of Science and Engineering, 350,000 words, 3rd Edition
Inter Press
Tokyo, Japan
1990
2.
Computer Dictionary
Kyoritsu Publishing Co., LTD.
Tokyo, Japan
1978
3.
IBM Dictionary of Computing
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York, New York
1994
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Revision History
Revision 7.1
December 6, 1993
· Minor corrections
· Total 155 pages
First Edition
February 20, 1994
· Added even/odd coordinate selection bit (EOS) to frame
buffer change mode register (FBCR)
· Added high speed shrink (HSS) and pre-clipping disable
(Pclp) to plot mode word (+04H) in the command table.
· Total 163 pages
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Introduction
This manual explains the functions of the VDP1 and how they are used. The VDP1 primarily
defines draw data and performs drawing.
Definitions
The terms used in this manual are defined as follows:
VDP1
VDP1 is an integrated circuit (IC) that controls drawing. The VRAM and frame buffer (both
DRAM) are connected to the VDP1. The CPU writes draw commands to VRAM via the VDP1.
The VDP1 reads draw commands from VRAM and writes (draws) draw data to the frame
buffer, and later transfers this data to a display monitor.
The frame buffer is a bit-mapped memory, and any data written to it has a 1-to-1 correspon-
dence with the contents of the display screen. Therefore, the frame buffer is a map of the dis-
play screen. There are system registers in the VDP1 and screen display is controlled by setting
values in these registers.
Display
Televisions are commonly used as display devices. The standard used in Japan and in the
United States is NTSC. PAL system TVs are used in Europe.
Hi-res is a high resolution mode that doubles the horizontal resolution. 31KC is a system that
doubles the horizontal frequency of 15KC in order to raise the vertical resolution. Hi-vision
(HDTV), or so-called "high-definition" TV, has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of
regular TV.
A TV display is comprised of fields and frames. A field is the time it takes a scanning line to
scan one screen. In the NTSC system, this is 1/60th of a second and in the PAL system, 1/50th
of a second. A frame is the time it takes from one change of the frame buffer to the next
change. When the change mode of the frame buffer is in a one cycle mode, one frame is equal
to one field. When the frame buffer is changed every two fields such as in single density inter-
lace, one frame comprises two fields. When the frame buffer is changed only once a second in
the manual mode, one frame comprises 60 fields in the NTSC system, and 50 fields in the PAL
system.
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Before each frame is drawn, the frame buffer is automatically erased. Erase is performed by
writing (filling) a code specified in a register to the frame buffer. This operation is referred to
as erase/write.
Access
Reading and writing of data by the CPU and VDP1 in VRAM, the system registers, and frame
buffers are referred to as access. When two or more devices attempt access at the same time,
the accesses are arbitrated, with writes normally given priority over reads.
When a DMA controller is used, access of VRAM can be performed continuously and rapidly
by burst transfer. However, do not perform burst access of registers.
Data
A bit is the smallest unit of data which is represented by "0" or "1." A combination of 8 bits is
called a byte, and 16 bits (or 2 bytes) is called a word. When a byte is divided into its upper 4
bits and its lower 4 bits, each is referred to as a nibble.
Commands
Commands include draw commands, clipping coordinate set commands, and local coordinate
set commands. Clipping is the removal of graphics outside a set area. Local coordinates change
the drawing position using the coordinates specified by the draw command as local coordi-
nates.
Commands are defined in VRAM as command tables. In addition to the command table, there
are the character pattern table, the Gouraud shading table, and the color lookup table.
Tables are defined by addresses with an 8H-byte boundary or a 20H-byte boundary, and are
stored in VRAM. A boundary is the splitting of addresses at the 8H or 20H boundary so there
is no remainder. Registers have 2H-byte (one = word) boundaries.
The VDP1 fetches command tables successively and draws according to these commands.
Fetch is the act of reading from VRAM in order to process commands.
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Parts
Objects drawn by using the draw command are called parts. Parts are divided into textured
and non-textured parts. Textured parts are called sprites; non-textured parts include polygons,
polylines, and lines.
Sprites are characters and the color codes of these characters are defined in VRAM as a charac-
ter pattern table. Polygons are filled squares, polylines are non-filled squares, and lines are
straight lines that connect two points.
The VDP1 processes draw commands in VRAM and draws parts in the frame buffer 1 pixel at
a time. The color resolution of the data in the frame buffer is in 8 or 16 bits per pixel (bpp).
Color
The RGB code method and the color bank method, which uses palette codes and color banks
are used to express color. The RGB code method specifies the luminance of each of the colors:
red (R), green (G), and blue (B), in 5 bits. In the color bank method, the VDP2 color palette is
selected from a color bank, and a palette code is used to select the desired color from this
palette.
Sprite colors can be specified using the color lookup table method. The color is selected from
among the 16 colors defined in the color lookup table. The color code can be specified using
RGB or color bank codes.
Color Calculation
Color calculation is a special function of the VDP1. Gouraud shading is an example of color
calculation. The luminance of the RGB code of a particular part can be changed using the RGB
codes of four points defined in the Gouraud shading table.
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Notations Used in this Manual
The notations used in this manual are as follows:
Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers
Binary numbers are designated with a "B" at the end of the number-- for example, 100B.
Hexadecimal numbers are designated with an "H" at the end of the number-- for example,
00H, FFH.
Units
1 Kbyte is equal to 1024 bytes. 1 Mbit is 1,048,576 bits.
MSB, LSB
In the configuration of bytes and words, the left is the most significant bit (MSB) and the right
is the least significant bit (LSB).
Undefined Bits
Bits that are not defined in the command table or the system registers are indicated by a hy-
phen "-". Write 0B to undefined bits in the system registers. Write "0" or "1" to undefined bits
in command tables. If an entire word is unused, fill with either "0" or "1". When a word is
partially used, fill the remaining unused bits with "0".
Addresses
The addresses shown in this manual are relative VDP1 addresses . VDP1 is at the absolute
address 5C00000H of the system.
Add 5C00000H to a relative address to determine the absolute address. For example, the abso-
lute address 000000H in VRAM is address 5C00000H, and the absolute address 180000H in the
system registers becomes 5D80000H.
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Definitions .................................................................................................................................. (1)
Notations Used in this Manual .................................................................................................. (4)
Contents ......................................................................................................................
(5)
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ (8)
List of Tables............................................................................................................................ (10)
Chapter 1
Functions of the VDP1 .............................................................................
1
1.1
VDP1
.............................................................................................................. 2
System Configuration ............................................................................ 2
Functions of the VDP1 .......................................................................... 3
Parts ..................................................................................................... 4
Textured Parts ....................................................................................... 5
Non-Textured Parts ............................................................................. 10
Color ................................................................................................... 12
1.2
Screen Modes .................................................................................................. 14
Screen Modes and Display Areas ....................................................... 14
Rotated Reading of Frame Buffer ....................................................... 15
Chapter 2
Address Map
............................................................................................................ 17
2.1
Address Map .................................................................................................... 18
VRAM ................................................................................................. 19
Frame Buffer ....................................................................................... 20
System Registers ................................................................................ 23
2.2
Tables in VRAM ............................................................................................... 24
Command Table .................................................................................. 25
Color Lookup Table ............................................................................. 26
Gouraud Shading Table ...................................................................... 26
Character Pattern Table ...................................................................... 26
Chapter 3
Processing Flow ....................................................................................
27
3.1
Draw Procedure Flow ...................................................................................... 28
3.2
Command Table Flow ...................................................................................... 30
3.3
Table Referencing ............................................................................................ 31
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Chapter 4
System Registers ...................................................................................
33
4.1
TV Mode Selection Register ............................................................................ 36
4.2
Frame Buffer Change Mode Register .............................................................. 38
4.3
Plot Trigger Register ........................................................................................ 45
4.4
Erase/Write ...................................................................................................... 46
Erase/Write Data Register .................................................................. 46
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate Register ...................................... 47
Erase/Write Upper-Right Coordinate Register ................................... 47
4.5
Draw Forced Termination Register .................................................................. 51
4.6
Transfer End Status Register ........................................................................... 52
4.7
Last Operation Command Address Register ................................................... 54
4.8
Current Operation Command Address Register ............................................. 55
4.9
Mode Status Register ...................................................................................... 57
Chapter 5
Tables
......................................................................................................................... 59
5.1
Character Pattern Tables ................................................................................. 60
5.2
Color Lookup Tables ........................................................................................ 62
5.3
Gouraud Shading Table ................................................................................... 64
5.4
Command Tables ............................................................................................. 66
Chapter 6
Command Tables ...................................................................................
69
6.1
CMDCTRL (Control Words) ............................................................................. 70
Commands ......................................................................................... 71
Jump Mode ......................................................................................... 72
Zoom Point ......................................................................................... 73
Character Read Direction ................................................................... 77
6.2
CMDLINK (Link Specification) ......................................................................... 78
6.3
CMDPMOD (Draw Mode Word) ....................................................................... 79
High Speed Shrink .............................................................................. 81
Pre-Clipping Disable ........................................................................... 83
User Clipping Enable .......................................................................... 84
User Clipping Mode ............................................................................ 84
Mesh Enable ....................................................................................... 85
End Code Disable ............................................................................... 86
Trasparent Pixel Disable ..................................................................... 88
Color Mode ......................................................................................... 89
Color Calculation................................................................................. 93
MSB ON .............................................................................................. 97
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6.4
CMDCOLR (Color Control Word) ..................................................................... 98
Color Bank .......................................................................................... 99
Color Lookup Table ........................................................................... 101
Non-Textured Color ........................................................................... 102
6.5
CMDSRCA (Character Address) .................................................................... 103
6.6
CMDSIZE (Character Size)............................................................................ 104
6.7
CMDXA~CMDYD (Vertex Coordinate Data) ................................................. 105
6.8
CMDGRDA (Gouraud Shading Table) ........................................................... 106
Chapter 7
Commands ...........................................................................................
107
7.1
System Clipping Coordinate Set Command .................................................. 110
System Clipping ................................................................................ 111
7.2
User Clipping Coordinate Set Command ....................................................... 112
User Clipping .................................................................................... 113
7.3
Local Coordinate Set Command .................................................................... 116
Local Coordinates ............................................................................. 117
7.4
Normal Sprite Draw Command ...................................................................... 118
7.5
Scaled Sprite Draw Command ....................................................................... 120
Specification of Two Coordinate Vertices ......................................... 120
Specification of Fixed Point (Scaled Sprite Draw Command) .......... 122
7.6
Distorted Sprite Draw Command ................................................................... 124
7.7
Polygon Draw Command ............................................................................... 126
7.8
Polyline Draw Command ............................................................................... 128
7.9
Line Draw Command ..................................................................................... 130
7.10
Draw End Command ..................................................................................... 132
Chapter 8
Quick Reference ...................................................................................
133
8.1
System Registers ........................................................................................... 134
8.2
Tables ............................................................................................................ 140
8.3
Command Tables ........................................................................................... 142
8.4
Commands .................................................................................................... 151
Chapter 9
Precautions for Use ..............................................................................
157
Index
................................................................................................................................................ 161
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List of Figures
(Chapter 1
Functions of the VDP1)
Figure 1.1 System Configuration ................................................................................................ 2
Figure 1.2 Normal Sprites ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.3 Scaled Sprites (Two Vertices Specified) .................................................................... 6
Figure 1.4 Scaled Sprites (Zoom Point Specified) ...................................................................... 7
Figure 1.5 Distorted Sprites ........................................................................................................ 8
Figure 1.6 Fill-In Processing ....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 1.7 Polygons.................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 1.8 Polylines .................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 1.9 Line ......................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 1.10 Bit Configuration of Color Bank Method ................................................................ 12
(Chapter 2
Address Map)
Figure 2.1 Address Map ........................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.2 Frame Buffer Plane ................................................................................................. 21
(Chapter 3
Processing Flow)
Figure 3.1 Command Table Flow .............................................................................................. 30
Figure 3.2 Referencing of Tables .............................................................................................. 31
(Chapter 4
System Registers)
Figure 4.1 Single Interlace and Double Interlace Display ......................................................... 43
Figure 4.2 Erase/Write Area ..................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.3 Last Operation Command and Current Operation Command Address .................. 54
(Chapter 5
Tables)
Figure 5.1 Examples of Character Pattern Tables .................................................................... 61
Figure 5.2 Color Lookup Table .................................................................................................. 62
Figure 5.3 Relationship between Tables in Lookup Table System ........................................... 63
Figure 5.4 RGB Code Format ................................................................................................... 64
Figure 5.5 Command Table ...................................................................................................... 66
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(Chapter 6
Command Tables)
Figure 6.1 Zoom Point .............................................................................................................. 73
Figure 6.2 Drawing Area ........................................................................................................... 75
Figure 6.3 Zoom Point and Drawing Area ................................................................................. 76
Figure 6.4 Character Read Direction ........................................................................................ 77
Figure 6.5 High Speed Shrink .................................................................................................. 82
Figure 6.6 Pre-Clipping ............................................................................................................ 83
Figure 6.7 Drawing Area ........................................................................................................... 84
Figure 6.8 Mesh Processing ..................................................................................................... 85
Figure 6.9 Mesh Processing of Lines and Polylines ................................................................. 85
Figure 6.10 (a) End Code Processing (1 of 2) .......................................................................... 87
Figure 6.10 (b) End Code Processing (2 of 2) .......................................................................... 87
Figure 6.11 Example of Drawing in Modes 0 and 1 .................................................................. 90
Figure 6.12 Example of Drawing in Modes 2, 3, and 4 ............................................................. 91
Figure 6.13 RGB Code Format ................................................................................................. 92
Figure 6.14 Example of Drawing in Mode 5 .............................................................................. 92
Figure 6.15 Examples of Color Calculation .............................................................................. 96
Figure 6.16 MSB ON
............................................................................................................ 97
Figure 6.17 Color Bank ............................................................................................................ 99
Figure 6.18 Color Lookup Table.............................................................................................. 101
Figure 6.19 CMDSIZE .......................................................................................................... 104
(Chapter 7
Commands)
Figure 7.1 System Clipping .................................................................................................... 111
Figure 7.2 User Clipping Settings ........................................................................................... 114
Figure 7.3 User Clipping ......................................................................................................... 115
(Chapter 8 Quick Reference)
Figure 8.1 Examples of Character Pattern Tables .................................................................. 140
Figure 8.2 Color Lookup Table................................................................................................ 140
Figure 8.3 Command Table .................................................................................................... 142
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List of Tables
(Chapter 1
Functions of the VDP1)
Table 1.1 Classification of Parts ................................................................................................. 4
Table 1.2 Screen Modes and Display Areas ............................................................................. 14
(Chapter 2
Address Map)
Table 2.1 System Registers ...................................................................................................... 23
Table 2.2 Tables in VRAM ........................................................................................................ 24
(Chapter 4
System Registers)
Table 4.1 System Registers ...................................................................................................... 34
Table 4.2 Screen Modes ........................................................................................................... 37
Table 4.3 (a) Example of Use of Frame Buffer Change Mode (Fixed at VBE = 0) ................... 41
Table 4.3 (b) Example of Use of Frame Buffer Change Mode (VBE Is Used) ......................... 42
Table 4.4 Number of Rasters and Number of Pixels ................................................................. 49
Table 4.5 Number of Pixels that Can Be Used in V-Blank Erase (in Non-Interlace Display) .... 50
(Chapter 5
Tables)
Table 5.1 Size of Character Pattern Tables .............................................................................. 60
Table 5.2 Gouraud Shading Table ............................................................................................ 64
Table 5.3 Relationship between Gouraud Shading Table Settings and Correction Values .. ... 65
(Chapter 6
Command Tables)
Table 6.1 Commands
............................................................................................................ 71
Table 6.2 Pixel Data
............................................................................................................ 92
Table 6.3 CMDCOLR
............................................................................................................ 98
Table 6.4 Example of Relationship of Defined Data and Draw Data to Color Bank ............... 100
Table 6.5 Relationships between Settings and Drawn Pixels ................................................ 104
Table 6.6 Correspondence between Commands and CMDXA~CMDYD ............................... 105
(Chapter 7
Commands)
Table 7.1 Commands
.......................................................................................................... 109
(Chapter 8 Quick Reference)
Table 8.1 Screen Modes ......................................................................................................... 134
Table 8.2 Gouraud Shading Table .......................................................................................... 141
Table 8.3 Commands .............................................................................................................. 145
Table 8.4 CMDCOLR .............................................................................................................. 149
Table 8.5 Relationships between Settings and Drawn Pixels ................................................ 149
Table 8.6 Correspondence between Commands and CMDXA~CMDYD ............................... 150
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VDP1 User's Manual
1
Chapter 1
Functions of the VDP1
Contents
1.1
VDP1
.............................................................................................. 2
System Configuration ........................................................... 2
Functions of the VDP1 ......................................................... 3
Parts ..................................................................................... 4
Textured Parts ....................................................................... 5
Non-textured Parts .............................................................. 10
Color ................................................................................... 12
1.2
Screen Modes .................................................................................. 14
Screen Modes and Display Areas ...................................... 14
Rotated Reading of Frame Buffer ...................................... 15
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2
1.1
VDP1
The VDP1 is a sprite drawing IC for the SEGA SATURN because the VDP1 uses a
frame buffer, it is much faster, is characterized by an increased RAM capacity, and
can display many more sprites (characters) compared to previous systems.
System Configuration
A VRAM (4-Mbit DRAM) and a two-plane frame buffer (2-Mbit DRAM per screen)
are connected to the VDP1. The image data defined in VRAM by the CPU are output
to the display device via the frame buffer.
Draw data is sent from the CPU to the VDP1 via the system control IC and is written
in VRAM. Parts written in VRAM are drawn in the frame buffer in a 16- or 8-bit/
pixel form. The frame buffer data that is drawn is displayed on the display device
via the priority circuit in the VDP2. The priority circuit prioritizes the scroll plane
and the priority plane. The frame buffer has two screens, and draw and display are
changed every frame.
The information that controls draws is set in the VDP1 system registers by the CPU
via the system controller IC. The system registers control draws.
CPU
System
Controller
IC
VDP1
System
Registers
VDP2
Display
Device
VRAM
(4 Mbit)
Frame
Buffer
(2 Mbit)
Frame
Buffer
(2 Mbit)
Figure 1.1 System Configuration
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VDP1 User's Manual
3
Functions of the VDP1
The functions of the VDP1 include the drawing of parts (characters and lines), speci-
fication of colors, color calculation of Gouraud shading, specification of clipping
coordinates and local coordinates, and control of display by the frame buffer. Parts,
color, and coordinates are controlled by the command table in VRAM, and display of
the frame buffer is controlled by the system registers.
Parts
The following graphics can be drawn as parts.
· Normal sprites
· Scaled sprites (with zooming)
· Distorted sprites (includes rotation)
· Polygons (quadrangles)
· Polylines (quadrangles comprising four lines)
· Lines
Collectively, sprites are referred to as textured parts, and polygons, polylines, and
lines are referred to as non-textured parts.
Color
· The possible numbers of colors for each textured part are 16, 64, 128, 256,
and 32,768.
Special Functions
· When RGB codes are used, color calculation of half-luminance, half-trans-
parency, Gouraud shading, and shadowing are possible.
· Mesh (tiling).
Coordinate Control
· System and user clipping settings are possible.
· Local coordinates can be set during drawing.
Frame Buffer Display Control
· Enlargement, reduction, and rotation of the entire frame buffer screen.
· Specification of the TV display mode.
· Specification of the frame buffer change mode, the change trigger, and the
plot trigger.
· Specification of double interlace.
· Specification of fill area and fill data during erase
/
write.
· End status of transfer to the frame buffer as help information during pro-
gram development.
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4
Parts
Parts are classified as shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Classification of Parts
Classification
Part name
Function
How defined
Normal
sprites
Character, vertical, and
horizontal inversion
1 vertex and direction of
readout
Textured parts
Scaled
sprites
Character, vertical, and
horizontal inversion,
enlargement and reduction,
stretching
2 vertices and direction of
readout or zoom point, width
and direction of readout
Parts
Distorted
sprites
Character, vertical, and
horizontal inversion,
enlargement and reduction,
stretching, rotation, twisting
4 vertices and direction of
readout
Non-
textured
Polygons
Filled quadrangles
4 vertices
parts
Polylines
Quadrangles
4 vertices
Lines
Straight lines
Starting vertex and ending
vertex
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VDP1 User's Manual
5
Textured Parts
Textured parts are called sprites. Sprites draw character patterns. Character patterns
define pixel data as character pattern tables in VRAM. The size of the pixel data is
determined by the color mode and the size of the characters.
Sprites include normal sprites, scaled sprites, and distorted sprites. Normal sprites
can be inverted vertically and horizontally; scaled sprites can be inverted vertically
and horizontally, enlarged and reduced, and stretched; and distorted sprites can be
inverted vertically and horizontally, enlarged and reduced, stretched, rotated, and
twisted.
Normal Sprites
The character pattern is drawn at a specified position. The coordinates of the upper-
left vertex at which the character pattern is drawn are specified. The character pat-
tern is drawn from the specified coordinates to the right in the X direction and down
in the Y direction. When vertical and horizontal inversion are specified for the read-
out direction of the character pattern, the right side of the defined character pattern
is drawn from the left and the bottom side is drawn from the top.
Normal sprites cannot be rotated 90
°
. Specify the distorted sprite draw command to
perform 90
°
rotation.
... .
A B
Original
graphic
A B
Draw
Vertex (A)
Vertex (A)
Vertex (A)
Vertex (A)
Normal
Horizontal
inversion
Vertical
inversion
Vertical &
horizontal
inversion
A B
A B
A B
Figure 1.2 Normal Sprites
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Scaled Sprites
The character pattern is drawn enlarged or reduced at a specified position. There are
two methods by which the position and scaling can be specified. The coordinates of
the upper-left vertex and the lower-right vertex are specified in one method, while
the zoom point coordinates and the horizontal and vertical display widths are speci-
fied in another.
Scaled sprites cannot be rotated 90
°
. Specify the distorted sprite draw command to
perform 90
°
rotation.
Specification of Coordinates of Two Vertices
In this method, the coordinates of the upper-left and the lower-right vertices are
specified. The draw direction (direction of drawing a character) is determined by the
positional relationship of the lower-right coordinate with respect to the upper-left
coordinate. The character pattern is drawn from the upper-left coordinate toward
the lower-right coordinate. When the value of X of the lower-right coordinate is
smaller than the X value of the upper-left coordinate, the character pattern is in-
verted horizontally, and when the Y value of the lower-right coordinate is smaller
than the Y value of the upper-left coordinate, the character pattern is inverted verti-
cally.
As with normal sprites, inversion can be specified by the read direction. However,
when the coordinates and the direction of readout are both inverted vertically, the
inversions cancel each other out and the character remains unchanged.
... .
A B
Original
graphic
A B
Draw
Vertex (A)
Vertex (A)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (C)
Normal
Vertical-horizontal
reduction & horizontal
inversion
Horizontal enlargement,
vertical reduction &
vertical inversion
Vertex (A)
Vertex (C)
A B
Vertical-horizontal
enlargement & vertical-
horizontal inversion
Vertex (C)
Vertex (A)
Figure 1.3 Scaled Sprites (Two Vertices Specified)
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VDP1 User's Manual
7
Specification of Zoom Point
Scaled sprites can be drawn by specifying the zoom point and display width. The
zoom point of the character pattern, the draw coordinates of the zoom point, and the
display width at which the character pattern is drawn are specified. The zoom point
specifies which point on the character pattern is used as a stationary point for draw-
ing. The point is selected from the left side, center, and right side in the horizontal
direction and from the top side, center, and bottom side in the vertical direction. The
display width specifies the display width in the X direction and the Y direction.
When vertical and horizontal inversions are specified for the character pattern
readout direction, each character patter is drawn inverted vertically and horizontally
with reference to each zoom point. The draw area differs depending on vertical or
horizontal inversion.
A B
A B
A B
Original
graphic
Draw
Zoom
point
Display
width
Normal size
Display
width
Display
width
Display
width
Zoom
point
Zoom
point
Vertical/horizontal reduction
& horizontal inversion with
zoom point at center.
Vertical/horizontal enlargement
& vertical/horizontal inverstion
with zoom point at right center.
Horizontal enlargement,
vertical reduction &
vertical inversion with
zoom point at upper right.
Zoom
point
A B
Figure 1.4 Scaled Sprites (Zoom Point Specified)
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Distorted Sprites
Draw a character pattern by specifying four coordinates. Specify the four draw
coordinates corresponding to the four vertices of the character pattern. These four
coordinates can assume any position relative to each other, and therefore the charac-
ter pattern can be inverted, enlarged or reduced, rotated, or twisted, depending on
how they are specified.
Distorted sprites are created by skewing the character pattern. At this time holes are
filled to prevent the dropout of pixels. For this reason, there may be some pixels that
are written twice, and therefore the results of half-transparent processing as well as
other processing in color calculation cannot be guaranteed.
Because drawing is done with lines, part of the character pattern may result outside
the graphic formed by linking the four vertices if it is twisted or rotated.
Figure 1.5 Distorted Sprites
8
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Anti-aliasing
Distorted sprites and polygons contain diagonal lines that may result in pixel drop-
out (aliasing). When this happens, holes are anti-aliased as shown below.
Indicates direction of drawing.
Copied color code
Anti-aliasing
Figure 1.6 Anti-aliasing
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Non-Textured Parts
Non-textured parts are different from textured parts in that they do not require an
original picture, and VRAM is not frequently accessed from the VDP1.
Polygons
Draw a quadrangle by specifying four vertices and filling the enclosed area with a
single color. The four vertices can be specified as desired. The color is specified as a
non-textured color.
Polygons contain diagonal lines that may result in pixel dropout (aliasing). When
this occurs, holes are anti-aliased. For this reason, some pixels may be written twice,
and therefore the results of half-transparency processing as well as other color
calculations cannot be guaranteed. Concave polygons can also be drawn. However,
fills may extend outside of the polygon since lines are used to fill the polygon.
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (D)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (A)
Vertex (D)
Vertex (C)
Vertex(B)
Concave polygon
Figure 1.7 Polygons
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Polylines
A quadrangle is drawn by connecting four lines. Specify four vertices, and lines
connecting the vertices are drawn in order. Unlike polygons, the area enclosed by
the four vertices cannot be filled. The four vertices can be specified as desired.
Specify the color as non-textured color. Because four lines are drawn, the pixels near
the vertices are written twice. Therefore, the results of half-transparent processing
and other color calculations cannot be guaranteed.
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (D)
Vertex (C)
Figure 1.8 Polylines
Lines
A line is drawn in a single color between two specified coordinates. Specify the
color as a non-textured color.
Vertex A
Vertex B
Figure 1.9 Line
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Color
The functions and special functions related to color are as follows.
· The number of colors per textured part unit is 16, 64, 128, 256, and 32,768.
· In the RGB mode, color calculation of half-luminance, half-transparency,
Gouraud shading, and shadowing is possible.
· Mesh (tiling).
The color bank and RGB code methods are used to express the colors of pixels
drawn (written) in the frame buffer. The color capability of the color bank method is
16, 64, 128, or 256 colors and the RGB code method is 32,768 colors.
Color Bank Method
The color bank method combines the color bank with the palette codes for 16, 64,
128, and 256 colors, and references the colors stored in the color RAM of the VDP2.
A 16 color palette code requires four bits of memory. The upper 12 bits of the color
bank is added to the palette to give a total of 16 bits which is written to the frame
buffer. Graphics that use 64, 128, or 256 colors (8-bit graphics) require a total of eight
bits of memory. Only the lower 6 bits and 7 bits are significant for 64 and 128 color
graphics, respectively, while 256 colors use all 8 bits. The upper 10, 9, and 8 bits of
the color bank are added.
The data written by the color bank method are divided into function bits as shown
in Figure 1.10 and processed in the VDP2. (Refer to the VDP2 manual for more
information.)
Color calculation
Priority
Color bank
Palette code
MSB
LSB
Figure 1.10 Bit Configuration of Color Bank Method
RGB Code Method
The RGB code method represents colors using a 5-bit luminance for each of red,
green, and blue (RGB) dot. The luminance of each of RGB is represented by 00H to
1FH. The closer the number is to 00H, less light is emitted from the RGB dots, the
closer it is to 1FH, more light is emitted. Up to 32,768 colors can be formed by RGB
codes. RGB codes are 16-bit data, and the most significant bit (MSB) is 1.
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Part Colors
The color bank method, the color lookup table method, or the RGB code method can
be used to set the color of sprites. Set a non-textured color for each non-textured part
such as polygons, polylines, and lines.
Color Lookup Table
The color lookup table references the 4-bit graphic data to a 16-color lookup table
and converts it to 16-bit data. Because the 16-bit data in the table are written as is to
the frame buffer, there is no distinction between color bank codes and RGB codes for
textured data.
When read to the VDP2, the code is handled as a color bank code when the MSB of
the 16-bit data is "0" and as an RGB code when the MSB is "1."
Non-textured Color
Non-textured color is handled as pixel data without the use of a color bank or color
lookup table.
8 Bits/Pixel Color
When using high resolution or specifying a bit width of 8 bits/pixel for a rotated
frame buffer, the graphics will be written to the frame buffer in 8 bits/pixel. When
there are 8 bits/pixel, the lower 8 bits are written to the frame buffer when using a
color lookup table or non-textured color. In either case, the lower 8 bits of the 16 bits
are written to the frame buffer. This will be abbreviated as 8 bits/pixel (high resolu-
tion or rotation 8).
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1.2
Screen Modes
Screen Modes and Display Areas
Table 1.2 shows the screen modes and the coordinate values displayed in each.
Table 1.2 Screen Modes and Display Areas
· These are coordinate ranges and are not the sizes of the areas occupied in the
frame buffer. For more information about the size of the frame buffer, see "Frame
Buffer" in Section 2.1 Address Map.
· High-resolution display has a color resolution of 8 bits/pixel, which is half the
standard mode. Rotated display of the frame buffer is not possible in high-
resolution.
· Rotated display of the frame buffer is not possible with double interlace.
· A double interlaced display system uses graphic information from both buffers
to make one frame.
· A single interlaced display system switches frame buffers every two fields and
displays the same picture in both the odd and even display lines. In both cases,
there are no gaps between the scanning lines.
· The resolution in single interlace and non-interlace are the same, and the method
of writing to the frame buffer is the same.
· In 31KC and HDTV, the same color is displayed in 4-pixel units, 2 vertical pixels
and 2 horizontal pixels. That is, the resolution is the same as 320 x 240 (31KC)
and 352 x 240 (HDTV) in the standard mode, and the method of writing to the
frame buffer is the same.
· For information about how to set the interlace, refer to the VDP2 manual.
Notes
Field:
The time it takes the scanning lines to scan one screen (1/60 second).
Frame: The time period during which one image is displayed. If interlaced,
two fields make one frame (1/30 second.)
H = Horizontal V = Vertical
X range
Screen mode (pixels)
Standard
High
resolution
Y range
Non-interlace
320 H
×
224 V
Single interlace
320 H
×
240 V
NTSC, PAL
352 H
×
224 V
352 H
×
240 V
0
X
319
0
X
319
0
X
351
0
X
351
0
X
639
0
X
639
0
X
703
0
X
703
0
Y
223
0
Y
239
0
Y
223
0
Y
239
Double interlace
320 H
×
224 V
NTSC, PAL
320 H
×
240 V
352 H
×
224 V
352 H
×
240 V
0
X
319
0
X
319
0
X
351
0
X
351
0
X
639
0
X
639
0
X
703
0
X
703
0
Y
447
0
Y
479
0
Y
447
0
Y
479
Non-interlace
320 H
×
240 V
31KC, HDTV
352 H
×
240 V
0
X
319
0
X
351
--
0
Y
239
0
Y
239
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Rotated Reading of Frame Buffer
· By reading the frame buffer diagonally, the entire frame buffer plane can be dis-
played rotated.
· Display coordinates that exceed the frame buffer address range are handled as
transparent (XX00H for 8-bit graphics and 0000H for 16-bit graphics).
· Even if rotated reading of the frame buffer is performed, the clipping area and
erase/write area remain fixed with respect to the frame buffer plane. Therefore,
the clipping area and erase/write area become inclined with respect to the display
screen.
· To prevent dropout of any of the display screen when the frame buffer is dis-
played rotated, the coordinate range of the frame buffer must be made large. In
this case the frame buffer is set to 8 bits/pixel and the screen to 512
×
512 rather
than 512
×
256. The number of colors that can be expressed at one time becomes
fewer than 256.
· Rotation is prohibited when normal, high resolution, HDTV, or double interlace is
set.
· The read start coordinates and read movement value for rotated reading from the
frame buffer are received from the VDP2.
· Rotated reading of the frame buffer is only valid in rotation 16 and rotation 8, and
is prohibited in all other cases. In the case of non-rotation, any rotation data re-
ceived from the VDP2 are invalid and the parameters of the VDP1 become valid.
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(Page 16 is blank in the original Japanese version.)
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Chapter 2
Address Map
Contents
2.1
Address Map .................................................................................... 18
VRAM ................................................................................. 19
Frame Buffer ....................................................................... 20
System Registers ................................................................ 23
2.2
Tables in VRAM ............................................................................... 24
Command Table .................................................................. 25
Color Lookup Table .............................................................26
Gouraud Shading Table ..................................................... 26
Character Pattern Table ..................................................... 26
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2.1
Address Map
Figure 2.1 shows the address map for the VRAM, frame buffer, and system registers
controlled by the VDP1.
000000~07FFFFH
080000~0BFFFFH
0C0000~0FFFFFH
100000~17FFFFH
180000~1FFFFH
VRAM
(4 Mbit)
Frame buffer 0
(2 Mbit)
Frame buffer 1
(2 Mbit)
Reserved
System
registers
Access
prohibited
*1 The following tables are stored in VRAM.
Command tables,
Character pattern tables
Color lookup tables
Gouraud shading tables
*2 The frame buffer comprises two screens at
080000~0BFFFFH. Only the drawing screen can
be accessed. The display screen cannot be accessed.
*3 Address is absolute. To find absolute address,
add 5C00000H.
Notes
*1
*2
Figure 2.1 Address Map
*3
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VRAM
· The VRAM is a 4-Mbit DRAM.
· The command table, sprite character pattern table, color lookup table, and
Gouraud shading table are defined in VRAM. It doesn't matter where in VRAM
the data of each are, or whether they are in a nested condition. They are refer-
enced by specifying the address of each.
· Fetching of the command must be performed from the top (000000H) of VRAM.
· Fetching of VRAM is repeated in the following order:
Command table
Gouraud shading table (only when Gouraud shading is used)
Color lookup table (only when lookup table method is used)
Character pattern table (only when drawing sprites)
· When fetching of the command table goes beyond the end address (07FFFFH) of
VRAM, fetching wraps to the top address (000000H) of VRAM.
· Byte access and word access are both possible from the CPU.
· Read-write access of the VRAM by the system controller IC, and parameter read
and pattern read access by the VDP1, are performed after assigning an order of
priority.
· The order of priority of access of the VRAM is always:
system controller (system
controller IC) > drawing.
· Because access is performed after assigning an order of priority, there may be
more than 10 wait cycles according to that timing, depending on the operating
clock of the CPU. The operating clock of the CPU is 28 MHz.
· Perform access from the CPU when drawing is not being performed in order to
prevent interruption of drawing. To determine if drawing is being performed, poll
the system registers, or use an interrupt signal. Access of the VRAM and frame
buffer is performed in a short period of time using burst transfer.
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Frame Buffer
· The frame buffer comprises two 2-Mbit DRAM and is divided into two screens: a
display frame buffer and a draw frame buffer.
· The function of the two buffers is changed immediately before the screen display
period (DISP). After powering on or resetting, frame buffer 0 becomes the draw-
ing frame buffer, and frame buffer 1 becomes the display frame buffer.
· Read-write access of the frame buffer by the system controller IC is performed
only on the draw frame buffer. The display frame buffer becomes the rear bank, so
it cannot be accessed.
· Drawing is performed in sync with the CPU operating clock. The CPU operating
clock is 28 MHz, and the data for 1 pixel is drawn in sync with this.
· Read-write access of the frame buffer by the system controller IC and draw access
by the VDP1 are performed after assigning an order of priority.
· The order of priority of access of the frame buffer is always
:
system controller IC >
drawing
· When access from the system controller is performed during drawing, drawing is
interrupted and must wait. Therefore this situation should be avoided as much as
possible.
· Because drawing and access of the CPU are not performed together, perform
control by using a method that uses a manual start for drawing start.
· Access can be performed using word access. Byte access is only possible when
display is 8 bits/pixel. Do not use byte access when display is 16 bits/pixel.
· The entire frame buffer can be displayed rotated by reading the frame buffer
diagonally. Also, by skipping or repeating read addresses, the entire frame buffer
plane can be enlarged or reduced. Rotation, enlargement, and reduction can be
performed simultaneously.
· Rotation is specified from the VDP2. Refer to the VDP2 instruction manual for
more information about the specification of rotation.
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Frame Buffer Plane
The coordinates of the frame buffer plane are as follows. Coordinates increase in
value toward the lower-right.
X
-1024
X
1023
Y
-1024
Y
1023
Operation cannot be guaranteed when specified values exceed these values.
Figure 2.2 Frame Buffer Plane
As shown in Figure 2.2, parts can be positioned outside the display screen. However,
nothing is written for parts that exceed the range of the frame buffer plane.
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Pixel Data in Frame Buffer
The pixel data in the frame is shown below. There is 16-bit and 8-bit data. RGB data,
which does not go through the color RAM in the VDP2, is only 16-bit data. When all
bits are 0, the dot is treated as a transparent dot by the VDP2.
·
Bit configuration when data goes through color RAM (color RAM address)
b15* b14
b13
b12
b11
b10
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Color bank
Character data
16-color mode
(4 bits/pixel)
Color bank
Character data
64-color mode
(6 bits/pixel)
b15* b14
b13
b12
b11
b10
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Color bank
Character data
128-color mode
(7 bits/pixel)
b15* b14
b13
b12
b11
b10
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Color bank
Character data
256-color mode
(8 bits/pixel)
b15* b14
b13
b12
b11
b10
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Note: b15 = 0 when RGB data are mixed; b15 can be either when not mixed.
·
Bit configuration when data do not go through color RAM (RGB data)
1
b14
b13
b12
b11
b10
b9
b8
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
RED data
RGB mode
(16 bits/pixel)
GREEN data
BLUE data
·
Bit configuration when pixel data is 8 bit (color RAM address)
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Color bank
Character data
16-color mode
(4 bits/pixel)
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Color bank
Character data
64-color mode
(6 bits/pixel)
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Color bank
Character data
128-color mode
(7 bits/pixel)
b7
b6
b5
b4
b3
b2
b1
b0
Character data
256-color mode
(8 bits/pixel)
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System Registers
· System registers are memory used for making system settings for the VDP1. They
are housed inside the VDP1 separately from the VRAM and frame buffer.
· There are read-only registers and write-only registers.
· The write-only registers are used to control display of the frame buffer. They
select the TV mode, specify change of display and the drawing trigger, and define
the fill data and area for erase/write. Drawing can also be forcibly terminated.
· Read-only registers are used as help information during program development.
They make it possible to know the address of the command table that underwent
draw processing last.
· Read/write access from the CPU must be performed in word units.
· Do not use DMA burst transfer when accessing the system registers.
· Except for the plot trigger register (PTMR), the values in the write-only registers
become undefined after powering on and after resetting, so be sure to set the
values from the CPU. Undefined data is displayed from the frame buffer until a
suitable value is set.
· Set the unused bits of write-only system registers to "0".
Table 2.1 System Registers
Address
Name
Description
Access
100000H
TVHR
TV mode selection
Write-only (word)
100002H
FBCR
Frame buffer change mode
Write-only (word)
100004H
PTMR
Draw trigger
Write-only (word)
100006H
EWDR
Erase/write data
Write-only (word)
100008H
EWLR
Erase/write upper-left coordinate
Write-only (word)
10000AH
EWRR
Erase/write lower-right coordinate
Write-only (word)
10000CH
ENDR
Draw forced termination
Write-only (word)
100010H
EDSR
Transfer end status
Read-only (word)
100012H
LOPR
Last operation command address
Read-only (word)
100014H
COPR
Current operation command address
Read-only (word)
100016H
MODR
Mode status
Read-only (word)
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2.2
Tables in VRAM
The command table, color lookup table, Gouraud shading table, and character
pattern table are defined in VRAM. Table 2.2 shows the sizes and boundaries of the
tables.
Table 2.2 Tables in VRAM
Note: *Differs depending on the character size and color mode.
The VRAM is 4 Mbit (512 Kbyte), and it is addressed in byte units from 000000H to
07FFFFH. Table data cannot be written beyond 07FFFFH. Each table must be kept
within the size of the VRAM.
Name
Function
Commands
Size
Boundary
Textured
Normal sprite draw command
Draw
Scaled sprite draw command
Draw
Command
Distorted sprite draw command
Commands
Polygon draw command
Command
Non-textures
Polyline draw command
1EH
20H
Table
Line draw command
Coordinate
Set
Commands
Clipping coordinate
User clipping coordinate set
command
set commands
System clipping coordinate set
command
Local coordinate set command
Drawing end command
Color lookup table
20H
20H
Gouraud shading table
8H
8H
Character pattern table
optional*
20H
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Command Table
· The command table is a table in VRAM where commands are defined, and in
which the VDP1 reads commands, draws parts and processes clipping.
· The commands are as follows:
Draw commands
These are divided into texture drawing and non-texture drawing. Texture
drawing includes normal sprite, scaled sprite, and distorted sprite draw
commands. Non-texture drawing includes polygon, polyline, and line
draw commands. Draw commands draw these parts.
Clipping coordinate set commands
Includes user clipping and system clipping coordinate set commands, and
they set the draw area for parts.
Local coordinate set commands
Specifies the definition of the parts draw coordinate by the local coordinate.
Draw end command
Terminates drawing.
· The size of the command table is 1EH (30) bytes, and its boundary is 20H
(32)
bytes.
· Each command is read to the VDP1 and is processed. This operation is referred to
as fetching.
· Fetching of the command table is performed from the top address (000000H) of
VRAM, and the next command table is fetched according to the specification of
the jump mode.
· According to the command table specification, the color lookup table, Gouraud
shading table, and character pattern table are referenced after the command table.
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Color Lookup Table
· This is a table in which 16-bit color codes for 16 colors are defined in VRAM.
· When a lookup table method is used for the color mode according to the texture
draw command, the table is referenced as color data.
· The pixel data of character patterns is converted to color codes and written to the
frame buffer.
· The size of the table is 20H (32) bytes, and its boundary is also 20H (32 ) bytes.
· The table is referenced according to the instruction at the lookup table address of
the texture draw command.
Gouraud Shading Table
· This is a table in VRAM in which 16-bit RGB codes for 4 points are defined.
· It is referenced when the processing of Gouraud shading by color calculation is
instructed by the draw command for the part.
· The pixel data of the part undergoes processing for Gouraud shading and is
written to the frame buffer.
· The size of the table is 8H bytes, and its boundary is also 8H bytes.
· It is referenced according to the instruction at the Gouraud shading table address
of the draw command for the part.
· When Gouraud shading is performed, the pixel data of the part is limited to RGB
code. When the pixel data of the part is a color bank code, the results cannot be
guaranteed.
Character Pattern Table
· This is a table in VRAM in which the pixel data for character patterns is defined.
· The table is referenced by the texture draw command.
· The pixel data is defined as 4, 8, or 16 bits/pixel, according to the specification of
the color mode.
· In the color bank mode, a color bank is added to the pixel data of the character
pattern; in the color lookup table mode it is converted in the color lookup table; in
the RGB mode it is written, as is, to the frame buffer.
· The size of the table is determined by the size of the characters and the color
mode. Its boundary is 20H (32) Bytes.
· The table is referenced according to the instruction at the character address of the
texture draw command.
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Chapter 3
Processing Flow
Contents
3.1 Draw Procedure Flow ................................................. 28
3.2 Command Table Flow ................................................. 30
3.3 Table Referencing ....................................................... 31
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3.1 Draw Procedure Flow
Draw procedure flow using the VDP1 is as follows.
Step 1. Power on the system.
Step 2. Set the necessary values in the system registers of the VDP1.
Step 3. Write the necessary character pattern table to VRAM.
Step 4. Write the necessary color lookup table to VRAM.
Step 5. Write the necessary Gouraud shading table to VRAM.
Step 6. Write the necessary command table to VRAM.
Step 7. Drawing to the frame buffer starts automatically at the start of frame
change, and the drawn frame buffer is displayed in the next frame change.
Step 8. Repeat steps 3 through 6 as required.
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Table Access
The procedure VDP1 uses to access the table in VRAM and draw is as follows:
Step 1. Controls drawing and display according to the instructions set in the system
registers.
Step 2. Fetches the command table at the top address of VRAM.
Step 3. The fetched command table:
(1)
Terminates drawing in the case of a draw end command (goes to step
9).
(2)
Is ignored when jump mode is skipped; reading of the table is termi-
nated and the table is not processed (goes to step 8).
(3)
In cases other than (1) and (2), goes to step (4).
Step 4. In the case of a clipping coordinate set command or a local coordinate set
command, each is processed (goes to step 8).
Step 5. In the case of a drawing command, the Gouraud shading table and color
lookup table are read if specified.
Step 6. In the case of a textured drawing, the character pattern table is read and is
written to the frame buffer according to the specification. At this time,
processing of the color mode, color calculation, inversion, enlargement and
reduction, and rotation are performed.
Step 7. In the case of a non-textured drawing, writing to the frame buffer is per-
formed according to the specification.
Step 8. The next command table is fetched according to the specification of the
jump mode and processing of the command table is repeated (goes to step
3).
Step 9. Drawing is repeated with the start of framing (goes to step 1).
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3.2 Command Table Flow
Except for the draw end command, a jump mode to the next command table to be
processed can be specified in other commands. Those jump modes include the
following.
· Jump to a command table
· Skip to a command table
· Call a command table group (subroutine)
· Return (to main routine)
Figure 3.1 shows an example of the flow of a command using a jump mode.
Figure 3.1 Command Table Flow
30
VRAM/Command Table
Clipping coordinates
Local coordinates
Parts
Subroutine call
Parts
Parts
Jump
:
Parts
Parts
Return
:
Parts
Parts
Skip/parts
Parts
Parts
Jump
Parts
Parts
Jump
:
Clipping coordinate change
Parts
Local coordinate change
Parts
:
Terminate drawing
:
· Fetched from the top of VRAM
during frame switching.
· The specified table receives
a subroutine call.
· Moves to specified table.
· Returns to main routine.
· Skips (this part is not drawn).
· Drawing is terminated.
000000
H
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3.3 Table Referencing
Referencing of the tables stored in VRAM begins with the following command table.
Figure 3.2 Referencing of Tables
VDP1 User's Manual
31
VRAM
:
:
Parts draw command
:
Color mode and color calculation
Address of color lookup table
Character address
Character size
:
:
Address of Gouraud shading table
:
:
:
Color lookup table
:
:
:
:
Gouraud shading table
:
:
:
:
Character pattern
:
:
:
· In the case of a sprite draw command,
the data size has 20H-byte boundaries
as determined by the character size
and color mode.
:
· Both the data size and boundaries
are 8H bytes when Gouraud
shading is used for color calculation.
· Both the data size and boundaries
are 20H bytes when the color mode
is the lookup table mode.
· The data size of the command
table is 1EH
bytes and the
boundary is 20H
bytes.
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(This page is blank in the original Japanese document.)
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33
Chapter 4
System Registers
Contents
4.1
TV Mode Selection Register ............................................................ 36
4.2
Frame Buffer Change Mode Register ............................................. 38
4.3
Plot Trigger Register ........................................................................ 45
4.4
Erase/Write ...................................................................................... 46
Erase/Write Data Register ................................................. 46
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate Register ...................... 47
Erase/Write Upper-Right Coordinate Register ................... 47
4.5
Draw Forced Termination Register ................................................. 51
4.6
Transfer End Status Register .......................................................... 52
4.7
Last Operation Command Address Register .................................. 54
4.8
Current Operation Command Address Register ............................. 55
4.9
Mode Status Register ...................................................................... 57
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The following table shows the functions of the systems registers.
Table 4.1 System Registers
Register Names
Abbrevi -
ation
Address
Access
Function
Internal update
period
TV mode selection
TVMR
100000H
Write-only
(word)
Specifies TV display mode
PTM as occasion
demands
VBE is field
Frame buffer switch
mode
FBCR
100002H
Write-only
(word)
Controls frame buffer toggle and
double interlace mode
FCM and FMT are set
for each field, others
are frame buffer SW
timing
Plot trigger
PTMR
100004H
Write-only
(word)
Controls start of drawing
01B write as the
occasion demands,
00B and 10B write are
frame buffer SW
timing
Erase/write data
EWDR
100006H
Write-only
(word)
Specifies fill data for frame buffer
during erase/write
Frame buffer SW
timing
Erase/write upper -
left coordinate
EWLR
100008H
Write-only
(word)
Specifies upper-left coordinate of area
in frame buffer to fill during
erase/write
Frame buffer SW
timing
Erase/write lower -
right coordinate
EWRR
10000AH
Write-only
(word)
Specifies lower-right coordinate of
area in frame buffer to fill during
erase/write
Frame buffer SW
timing
Plot abnormal end
ENDR
10000CH
Write-only
(word)
Forces termination of drawing
As the occasion
demands
Transfer end status
EDSR
100010H
Read-only
(word)
Status of `END' bit of current/previous
frame
Last Operation
Command Address
LOPR
100012H
Read-only
(word)
Address of last accessed command
table for previous frame
Current Operation
Command Address
COPR
100014H
Read-only
(word)
Address of last accessed command
table being processed
Mode status
MODR
100016H
Read-only
(word)
Displays setting of write-only register
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VDP1 User's Manual
35
System Register Settings Switch Timing
The timing with which the system register settings become valid is as follows.
· Settings that change immediately
Plot trigger mode (PTM, when 01B is written)
TV mode selection (TVM)
· Settings that change with each field (1/60 second)
Frame buffer change mode (FCM)
Frame buffer change trigger (FCT)
· Settings that change with the switching of the frame buffer
Plot trigger mode (PTM, when 00B or 10B is written)
Even/odd coordinate selection bit (EOS)
Double-density interlace enable (DIE)
Double-density interlace draw line (DIL)
Erase/write data
Erase/write coordinates (upper-left, lower-right)
· Changes following the termination of display of one line after the V-blank IN
interrupt.
Enables V-blank erase/write (VBE)
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4.1
TV Mode Selection Register
The TV mode selection register (TVMR, TV mode register) enables V-blank erase
and specifies the TV display mode. It is a 16-bit write-only register, and is at address
100000H. Its value becomes undefined after powering on or resetting; therefore the
TV display mode must be set. The unused bits must be set to "0."
V-Blank Erase/Write Enable (VBE): bit 3
· When VBE = 1, erase/write is performed during V-blank. VBE = 1 can only be set
when FCM = 1 and FCT = 1 are written. For more information, refer to section 4.2,
"Frame Buffer Change Mode Register."
· When VBE is set to "0" or "1," TVM of the same value before making the setting
must be set at the same time.
· The VBE setting must be set immediately after the V-blank IN interrupt. Access is
prohibited from the first H-blank IN interrupt after the V-blank IN interrupt until
the next H-blank IN interrupt.
TV Mode Select (TVM): bits 2~0
· Specifies the TV display mode.
· For more information about the coordinate values of the displayed area, refer to
"Screen Mode and Display Areas" in section 1.2.
· When TVM = 010B(2), the frame buffer has only 512 (H) x 256 (V) pixels, and
therefore if the screen is greatly inclined, a transparent area occurs in the display
screen.
· Since only non-interlace is possible when HDTV is specified (TVM = 100B(4)), and
only non-interlace and single interlace are possible when rotated display is speci-
fied (TVM = 010B(2), 011B(3)), the frame buffer change mode register must be set
to double-interlace disable (DIE bit = 0). For more information, refer to section 4.2,
"Frame Buffer Change Mode Register."
· TVM settings must be performed from the second H-blank IN interrupt after the
V-blank IN interrupt to the H-blank IN interrupt immediately after the V-blank
OUT interrupt.
TVMR
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100000H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VBE
TVM
Write-only
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VDP1 User's Manual
37
· The function of each bit is as follows.
Bit 2:
HDTV enable bit
0 = NTSC, PAL
1 = HDTV, 31KC
Bit 1:
Frame buffer rotation enable bit
0 = non-rotation
1 = rotation
Bit 0:
Bit depth selection bit
0 = 16 bits/pixel
1 = 8 bits/ pixel
Table 4.2 Screen Modes
TVM
Screen Mode
Frame
buffer
VDP CLK (MHz)
Bits
2
1
0
Name
Resolution
H x V
Bit width
(bit/pixel)
screen
size
Interlace
NTSC
PAL
0
0
0
Normal
(NTSC, PAL)
320x224
320x240
352x224
352x240
16
512 H
x
256 V
Yes
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
0
0
1
High
resolution
(NTSC, PAL, Hi-
Res)
640x224
640x240
704x224
704x240
8
1024 H
x
256 V
Yes
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
0
1
0
Rotation 16
(NTSC, PAL
Rotation)
320x224
320x240
352x224
352x240
16
512 H
x
256 V
Single
Only
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
0
1
1
Rotation 8 (NTSC,
PAL
Rotation)
320x224
320x240
352x224
352x240
8
512 H
x
512 V
Single
Only
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
1
0
0
HDTV
(31KC, HDTV)
320x240
352x240
16
512 H x
256 V
No
26.8426
28.6364
26.6564
28.4375
All other
Setting prohibited (do not use)
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4.2
Frame Buffer Change Mode Register
The frame buffer change mode register (FBCR, frame buffer change register) controls
drawing and display change of the frame buffer, as well as double interlace drawing.
It is a 16-bit read-only register at address 100002H. Its value becomes undefined
after powering on or resetting, and therefore the change mode must be set. Unused
bits must be set to "0."
Frame Buffer Change Mode (FCM): bit 1
Frame Buffer Change Trigger (FCT): bit 0
· Normally the two frame buffers are used as a front screen and a back screen. The
front screen is displayed and the back screen is drawn. Also, the front screen and
back screen are toggled after the time required to change one frame has elapsed.
The front screen that was displayed becomes the back screen to be drawn, and the
back screen that was being drawn becomes the front screen to be displayed.
· Only that part of the frame buffer being drawn can be accessed. The side being
displayed cannot be accessed.
· The number of characters that can be drawn in one frame is limited. Therefore, in
order to draw multiple characters, the manual mode must be set and controls
erased and changed from the CPU.
· When selected data is written from the CPU to FBCR, the values of FCM and FCT
are updated at the time of a field change in the VDP1.
· When in the manual mode, the FCT bit setting is only valid for the next frame.
The contents of FCT are updated internally at the time of frame change.
· Make the FCM and FCT settings immediately after the V-blank OUT interrupt.
Access is prohibited from the first H-blank IN interrupt after the V-blank OUT
interrupt until the next H-blank IN interrupt.
FBCR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100002H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOS
DIE
DIL
FCM
FCT
Write-only
VBE
FCM
FCT
Change mode
Change time
0
0
0
1-cycle mode
Change every 1/60 second
0
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
0
1
0
Manual mode (erase)
Erase in next field
0
1
1
Manual mode (change)
Change in next field
1
0
0
Setting prohibited
--
1
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
1
1
0
Setting prohibited
--
1
1
1
Manual mode (erase and
change)
Erase by V-blank and change
in next field
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VDP1 User's Manual
1-Cycle Mode
· This is the normal mode.
· One frame changes automatically every 1/60 second.
· Set the value of the VBE and FCT bits to "0."
Erase (Manual Mode)
· Erase/write for one frame is controlled from the CPU.
· Manual erase/write of the frame buffer is specified by writing "0" to the VBE,
FCM and FCT registers. Erase/write of the display frame buffer is performed in
the next specified field, and the display frame buffer is cleared.
· Changing of the drawing and display frame buffers is not performed. Because the
display frame buffer is cleared when erase is performed, it is necessary to specify
change in the next field when display is performed for which erase is specified
and to perform change of drawing and display.
· This mode is used when there are two or more fields in one frame, as in double
interlace. Also, when changing from manual mode to the 1-cycle mode, this erase
is used in the field before changing.
· Erase is used when it is known that frame change will be performed two fields in
advance. Use erase and change when it is unclear up until the prior field that
frame change will be performed.
Change (Manual Mode)
· The changing of one frame is controlled by the CPU.
· Change is specified by writing "0" to the VBE register and "1" to the FCM and
FCT registers. The drawing and display are changed in the next specified field.
· Because erase/write is not performed, it is necessary to specify erase in the prior
field in which change is specified and to erase/write the frame buffer.
· Until change is specified, characters can be drawn in the back screen.
· This change is normally used when switching from the 1-cycle mode to the
manual mode. This change is also used when changing the frame buffer in
manual mode.
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Erase & Change (Manual Mode)
· By writing "1" to the VBE register, V-blank erase is specified; and by writing "1"
to the FCM and FCT registers at the same time, switching of the frame buffer after
V-blank is specified.
· This mode is used when frame change is unclear up until the prior V-blank, as
when the frame buffer cannot be changed by the end of processing by the CPU.
· Once VBE has been set to "1," erase/write is performed automatically even in the
next V-blank, and therefore VBE must be set to "0" before the next V-blank after
frame change.
· Place the erase & change setting immediately after the V-blank IN interrupt. When
set at another time, the change may be performed without being able to erase.
· If the timing for frame change is known in advance as in normal, high resolution,
and interlace, specify erase & change and perform erase/write during the display
period. In this case, erase/write of the entire display screen is possible.
Sequence When Using Erase & Change
1)
Set VBE to "0" and FCM and FCT to "1."
2)
Wait for the end of processing by the CPU without selecting the TV mode or
setting the FB change mode.
3)
When processing by the CPU ends by the H-blank IN interrupt time (224th line
in 224-line display and 240th line in 240-line display) immediately before V-
blank, then VBE, FCM, and FCT are set to "1" (erase & change). The erase &
change setting should be placed immediately after the V-blank IN interrupt.
4)
V-blank erase is started after completion of the V-blank IN interrupt.
5)
At the end of V-blank, erase/write is interrupted and the frame is changed.
6)
If erase/write is not completed, erase/write non-erased areas with polygons.
7)
Return VBE to "0" after the V-blank OUT interrupt to stop V-blank erase.
8)
Return to 2).
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VDP1 User's Manual
Example
Table 4.3(a) shows the frame buffer change mode being used.
Table 4.3(a) Example of Use of Frame Buffer Change Mode (Fixed at VBE = 0)
Notes:
1Value written to register immediately after the V-blank OUT interrupt.
2Changes from the first of the field.
3Changes from the 1-cycle mode to the manual mode with change.
4Be sure to continue to specify erase & change.
5Specify erase in the field immediately before changing to the 1-cycle mode.
Setting
1
Frame
Frame
Frame buffer
Change
FCM
FCT
buffer 0
2
buffer 1
2
change mode
time
0
0
Draw
Display and
erase/write
1-cycle mode
60 frames/sec
Display and
erase/write
Draw
Draw
Display and
Erase/write
Display and
erase/write
Draw
1
1
Draw
Display and
erase/write
Manual mode
(change)
3
Display
Draw
20 frames/sec
1
0
Display
Draw
Manual mode (erase)
4
1
1
Display and
erase/write
Draw
Manual mode
(change)
4
Draw
Display
1
0
Draw
Display
Manual mode (erase)
5
0
0
Draw
Display and
erase/write
1-cycle mode
Display and
erase/write
Draw
60 frames/sec
Draw
Display and
erase/write
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Table 4.3 (b) Example of Use of Frame Buffer Change Mode (VBE Is Used)
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VDP1 User's Manual
Double Interlace Enable (DIE): bit 3
Double Interlace Draw Line (DIL): bit 2
· In single interlace, the same picture is displayed in the even fields and the odd
fields. In double interlace, however, the vertical resolution is doubled by display-
ing different pictures (each draws only even lines and odd lines, respectively) in
the even fields and the odd fields.
· Double interlace is enabled by DIE = 1.
· The contents of the first screen displayed after changing DIE cannot be guaran-
teed.
· In double interlace, the fields are changed every 1/60 second, and therefore
FCM = FCT = 0 (1-cycle mode) is set.
DIE
DIL
Interlace mode
Plot after next frame change
0
0
Non-interlace/single interlace
Plot both even and odd lines
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
1
0
Double interlace
Plot even-numbered lines only
1
1
Double interlace
Plot odd-numbered lines only
line 0
line 1
line 2
line 3
line 0
line 1
line 2
line 3
line 0
line 2
line 4
line 6
line 1
line 3
line 5
line 7
Single interlace mode display
Double interlace mode display
· Appears as 256 lines vertically
· The frame is changed every 1/60th of a
second, and either the same picture is
displayed two times or the frame is changed
every 1/30th of a second (a 1/60 sec signal is
used and is specified from the CPU).
· Appears as 512 lines vertically
· Even and odd numbered lines are
rendered into different frame buffers.
Figure 4.1 Single Interlace and Double Interlace Display
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Even/Odd Coordinate Select Bit (EOS): bit 4
· When "1" is specified for high speed shrink (HSS) with a scaled or distorted
sprite, this bit is enabled. When HSS = 1 is specified, lines drawn with a magnifi-
cation ratio of less than 1 are drawn by sampling only the even or odd pixels of
the original picture data. This bit specifies whether even or odd coordinates are
sampled.
· When EOS = 0, only pixels at even coordinates are sampled. When EOS = 1, only
pixels at odd coordinates are sampled.
· If HSS = 0, this bit is not referenced.
· Refer to "High Speed Shrink" under "6.3 CMDPMOD (Draw Mode Word" for
more information.
EOS
Even/odd coordinate select bit
0
Samples only pixels at even coordinates
1
Samples only pixels at odd coordinates
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VDP1 User's Manual
4.3
Plot Trigger Register
The plot trigger mode register (PTMR) controls the start of drawing. It is a 16-bit
write-only register at address 100004H. Its value is reset to 00B after powering on or
resetting. Set unused bits to "0".
Plot Trigger Mode (PTM): bits 1, 0
· Controls the start of drawing.
· When the plot trigger mode bits are 10B, drawing begins automatically at the start
of the frame.
· When the plot trigger mode bits are made 01B, drawing begins when the register
is written. When 01B is written to the plot trigger mode bits during drawing,
drawing begins from the top of the command table.
· When the plot trigger mode bits are 00B, drawing does not start even at the start
of the frame. An idling condition is set.
· The value of the bits is reset to 00B after powering on or resetting.
· When the plot trigger mode bits are rewritten from 01B to 00B, drawing becomes
valid from the next frame. However, when the plot trigger bits are rewritten from
00B or 10B to 01B, drawing becomes valid at that point and drawing is started
even if drawing is automatically started by 10B.
· When the table is not rewritten the same drawing is performed, and therefore the
results of color calculation of half-transparency change. Use the following proce-
dure to change only the draw start mode without drawing.
1) Change the plot trigger mode bits from 10B to 00B.
2) Change the plot trigger mode bits from 00B to 01B in the next frame.
PTMR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100004H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PTM
Write-only
PTM
Drawing mode
Bit 1
0
0
0
Idle at frame change
0
1
Starts drawing when 01
B
is written
1
0
Starts drawing automatically with frame change
1
1
Setting prohibited (do not set)
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4.4
Erase/Write
Before rendering data into the frame buffer, the VDP1 erases the contents of the
frame buffer. This erasure is referred to as erase/write, and it specifies the fill area to
be erased and the fill data to be written to that area. The three registers related to
erase/write are the erase/write data register, the erase/write left coordinate register
and the erase/write right coordinate register.
Erase/Write Data Register
The erase/write data register (EWDR) specifies the fill data during erase/write. It is
a 16-bit write-only register at address 100006H. Its value becomes undefined after
powering on or resetting, and therefore the fill data must be set.
Erase/Write Data: bits 15~0
When parts are written to the frame buffer, the VDP1 automatically erases the frame
buffer. At the time of this erase/write, the frame buffer is filled with the 16-bit data
set in the erase/write register. Erase/write is performed 2 pixels at a time when the
frame buffer depth is 8 bits/pixel. The area of erase/write is set by the erase/write
left coordinate register and the erase/write right coordinate register.
EWDR
100006H
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
16 bits/pixel
Erase/write data
8 bits/pixel
Erase/write data for even X coordinates
Erase/write data for odd X coordinates
Write-only
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VDP1 User's Manual
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate Register
The erase/write left register (EWLR) sets the upper-left coordinate of the erase/
write area. It is a 16-bit write-only register at address 100008H. Its value becomes
undefined after powering on or resetting, and therefore the coordinates must be set.
Set unused bits to "0."
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate X1: bits 14~9
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate Y1: bits 8~0
Erase/Write Upper-Right Coordinate Register
The erase/write right coordinate register (EWRR) sets the lower-right coordinate of
the erase/write area. It is a 16-bit write-only register at address 10000AH. Its value
becomes undefined after powering on or resetting, and therefore the coordinates
must be set. Set unused bits to "0".
Erase/Write Lower-Right Coordinate X3: bits 15~9
Erase/Write Lower-Right Coordinate Y3: bits 8~0
· These registers specify the fill area in the frame buffer during erase/write.
· The X coordinate is set in 8-pixel units when there are 16 bits/pixel (normal,
rotation 16, HDTV) and in 16-pixel units when there are 8 bits/pixel (high resolu-
tion, rotation 8). When the value of the system register is 1, it becomes 8 or 16.
The actual lower-right X coordinate takes a value that is 8 or 16 times the register
setting and from which 1 is subtracted.
· The Y coordinate is set in one-line units. Because the register setting for the Y
coordinate is doubled during double interlace, the actual coordinate value should
be set to one half. For example, when the setting is 223, the coordinate becomes
447.
· The actual X coordinate is expressed by the following equations.
16 bits/pixel
Upper-left coordinate X 1 = register setting
×
8
Lower-right coordinate X 3 = register setting
×
8 1
8 bits/pixel
Upper-left coordinate X1 = register setting
×
16
Lower-right coordinate X3 = register setting
×
16 1
EWLR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100008H
0
Upper-left coordinate X1
Upper-left coordinate Y1
Write-only
EWRR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10000AH
Lower-right coordinate X3
Lower-right coordinate Y3
Write-only
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Therefore the values that the upper-left coordinate X1 and the lower-right coordinate
X3 can take are as shown in the following table.
· The coordinates for erase/write are not checked, and therefore the registers must
be set in the CPU in advance so that X1 < X3 and Y1
Y3.
· Set the erase/write range in each TV mode within their respective memory map
ranges.
(X1, Y1)
(X3, Y3)
(X1, Y1)
(X3, Y3)
(a) X1 < X3, Y1
Y3
White area undergoes erase-write
(b) X1
X3, Y1 > Y3
No erase-write
Figure 4.2 Erase/Write Area
Value set
16 bits/pixel
8 bits/pixel
in register
High Resolution
Rotated 8
Upper left
coordinate X1
Lower right
coordinate X3
Upper left
coordinate X1
Lower right
coordinate X3
Upper left
coordinate X1
Lower right
coordinate X3
0
0
Setting
prohibited
0
Setting
prohibited
0
Setting
prohibited
1
8
7
16
15
16
15
2
16
15
32
31
32
31
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
31
248
247
496
495
496
495
32
256
255
512
511
Setting
prohibited
511
33
264
263
528
527
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
40
320
319
640
639
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
43
344
343
688
687
:
:
44
352
351
704
703
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
62
496
495
992
991
:
:
63
504
503
1008
1007
:
:
64
Setting
prohibited
511
Setting
prohibited
1023
:
:
over 65
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
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VDP1 User's Manual
· If the setting is X1
X3 or Y1 > Y3, then erase/write is performed for 1 dot in the
normal or high-resolution mode and for 8 dots in the case of rotation or HDTV. In
these cases, erase/write is performed under the assumption that the area (X1, Y1)
is set to (X3 = X1 + 1, Y3 = Y1).
· When VBE = 0 in the normal or high-resolution mode, erase/write is performed
beyond the frame buffer during the display period. When setting the X3 coordi-
nate beyond the display screen, after the end of the effective data (fall of HTIM),
erase/write is continued for 4 pixels in the normal mode and for 8 pixels in the
high-resolution mode, and erase/write is not performed beyond the display
screen other than in those areas.
· When the erase/write area is set within the display screen area, no erase/write is
performed outside the display area.
· Erase/write is not affected by clipping.
· Erase/write cannot be performed on the frame buffer during display when in the
HDTV mode, when the frame buffer is enlarged or reduced, or when display is
rotated. Because erase/write is performed in the vertical blanking period (V-
BLANK), there is not enough time to erase/write the entire screen. To perform
erase/write on the entire screen, the non-erased areas must be filled with poly-
gons at the start of drawing.
· The number of pixels required for V-blank erase is expressed by
(X3 X1 + 1) x (Y3 Y1 + 1) x 8
If this is within the number of pixels that can be used in V-blank erase, then erase/
write is completed.
· The number of pixels that can be used in V-blank erase is given by
{(number of pixels in 1 raster) 200}
×
{(number of rasters in 1 field) (number of display rasters)}
The respective values are shown in Tables 4.4 and 4.5.
Table 4.4 Number of Rasters and Number of Pixels
Screen mode
Number of horizontal
pixels
Number of pixels in
1 raster
Number of rasters in
1 field
NTSC
320
1708
263
PAL
352
1820
313
31KC
--
852
525
HDTV
--
848
562
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Table 4.5 Number of Pixels that Can Be Used in V-Blank Erase (in Non-Interlace Display)
Screen mode
Resolution
(horizontal x vertical)
Number of pixels that can
be used
320
×
224
58812
NTSC
320
×
240
34684
352
×
224
63180
352
×
240
37260
320
×
224
134212
320
×
240
110084
PAL
320
×
256
85956
352
×
224
144180
352
×
240
118260
352
×
256
92340
31KC
320
×
480
29340
HDTV
352
×
480
53136
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4.5
Draw Forced Termination Register
The draw forced termination register (ENDR) forces termination of drawing. It is a
write-only 16-bit register at address 10000CH.
Draw Forced termination: draw end
· Forces termination of the drawing currently being processed.
· Forces termination of the drawing in the frame within approximately 30 clock
cycles after the data is written to the register.
· Specify 0000H for the write data.
· Interrupted drawing cannot be resumed.
· When the amount of data drawn is large and cannot be drawn in one frame, a
pseudo draw continuation is used to divide the data into two parts and draw it.
This draw forced termination is used to terminate drawing during this pseudo
draw continuation. For more information, refer to section 4.8 "Current Operation
Command Address Register."
ENDR
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10000CH
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Write-only
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4.6
Transfer End Status Register
The transfer end status register (EDSR) indicates the end status of the prior frame
processing. It is a 16-bit read-only register at address 100010H. Set unused bits to
"0."
Current End Bit Fetch Status (CEF): bit 1
This register indicates whether or not the end bit (draw forced termination com-
mand) has been fetched from the command table in the frame currently being
drawn. When it is "0," the end bit indicates a non-fetched status; when it is "1," it
indicates that the end bit has been fetched and that drawing is terminated.
· The VDP1 successively fetches the following command tables in VRAM and
draws them in the frame buffer. When the draw end command (when end bit is 1)
is fetched, the drawing of one frame is terminated. CEF is set to "1" at this time.
· When data are transferred from the CPU to VRAM while in a draw end (CEF = 1)
status, VRAM can be accessed without the overhead for stopping drawing and
without causing the CPU to wait.
· When the draw end command is fetched, the VDP1 sets CEF to "1" and generates
an interrupt signal.
· There are two methods of judging termination of drawing: one confirms the fetch
status of the end bit with CEF (polling) and the other uses the interrupt signal.
· When there is no draw end command in VRAM, or when there is one and it is
defined by the jump mode such that it cannot be fetched, this bit remains "0."
· This bit is reset to "0" when the frame buffers are changed or when drawing is
started.
· If fetch of the draw terminate command matches when the frame buffer changes,
CEF and BEF might not become "1."
CEF
End bit fetch status
0
The end bit in current frame has not been fetched.
1
The end bit in current frame has been fetched and plotting is ended.
EDSR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100010H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CEF
BEF
Read-only
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Before End Bit Fetch Status (BEF): bit 0
This register indicates whether or not the end bit (draw terminate command) has
been fetched from the command table in the previous frame. When it is "0," it indi-
cates that the end bit has not been fetched; when "1," it indicates that the end bit has
been fetched and that drawing is terminated.
· The VDP1 successively fetches the following command tables in VRAM and
draws them in the frame buffer. When the draw terminate command (when end
bit is 1) is fetched, the drawing of one frame is terminated. If there are many
commands, or if there are many pixels to be drawn because of enlargement, draw-
ing may not be terminated in one frame. This is referred to as "transfer-over."
This bit indicates a transfer-over status.
· When transfer-over has occurred, it is necessary to reduce the drawing commands
or to reduce the pixels drawn.
· When there is no draw terminate command in VRAM, or when there is one and it
is defined by a jump mode such that it cannot be fetched, this bit remains at "0."
· This bit is written with the value of the CEF value when the frame buffer is
changed or at the start of drawing, and is maintained until the next frame buffer
change.
BEF
End bit fetch status
0
The end bit in previous frame has not been fetched.
1
The end bit in previous frame has been fetched and drawing is terminated.
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4.7
Last Operation Command Address Register
The last operation command address register (LOPR) indicates the command table
address processed at the end of the previous frame. It is a 16-bit read-only register at
address 100012H.
Last Operation Command Address: bits 15~0
· When the frame buffer is changed, the value resulting from dividing the address
of the command table read to the VDP1 from the VRAM by 8H is written to this
register.
· This register is updated when the frame buffer is changed, so it is possible to
know the address of the command table last processed in the previous frame.
· Because the boundary of the table address is 20H bytes, the lower 2 bits of the
register are fixed at 00B.
To last
operation
command
address
Latch
To current
operation
command
address
VRAM
VDP1
Frame buffer
Parameters
Address
Command
read
Parameters
Table
address
Figure 4.3 Last Operation Command and Current Operation Command Address
LOPR bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100012H
Last operation command address/8H
0
0
Read-only
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VDP1 User's Manual
4.8
Current Operation Command Address Register
The current operation command address register (COPR) indicates the address of
the command table being processed. It is a 16-bit read-only register at address
100014H.
Current Operation Command Address: bits 15~0
· The value resulting from dividing the command table address, which has received
the parameter currently being processed, by 8H is written to this register.
· It is possible to know the address of the command table currently being pro-
cessed. The address value is continually updated during command processing.
· When the draw end command is fetched and drawing is abnormally ended, the
value of the address updated at that time is retained as is until drawing is started
by a frame change or plot trigger.
· When the draw end command is fetched, this is the address (divided by 8H) of
the draw end command table. In the case of draw forced termination, this is the
address (divided by 8H) of the abnormally ended command table.
· Because the boundary of the table address is 20H bytes, the lower 2 bits of the
register are fixed at 00B.
COPR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100014H
Current operation command address/8H
0
0
Read-only
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Pseudo Draw Continuation
· When the amount of data drawn is large and cannot be drawn in one frame,
drawing is terminated part way through and pseudo draw continuation is used to
divide the data into two parts and to draw it.
· Pseudo draw continuation is performed using the following procedure. Drawing
is terminated, at which time the top command is written so that it jumps to the
address of the table whose processing was terminated at that time, and the plot
trigger mode is set to start drawing (PTM = 01B) when it is written.
· As much drawing is performed as possible in the time of one frame, at which
point drawing is terminated (interrupted) by the CPU. Next, the CPU writes the
jump destination in the top command in VRAM to the command table address at
the time of termination, and drawing is immediately started by the plot trigger
mode (PTM = 01B). This is how pseudo draw continuation is done. However,
drawing cannot be continued when the command table address is in the subrou-
tine at the time of a forced termination. In this case, the drawing times necessary
to transfer the respective pixel data to the frame buffer are set shorter than the
time to the end of the frames.
· When color calculation of half-transparent is being performed at the time of an
forced termination of drawing, it is possible that dots may occur for which half-
transparent processing is performed twice (color calculation is performed twice)
when drawing is continued using the above method. A forced termination of
drawing must be performed when color calculation of half-transparency is not
performed.
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4.9
Mode Status Register
The mode register (MODR) indicates the setting of the write-only register. It is a 16-
bit read-only register at address 100016H.
Because the registers at addresses from 100000H to 10000CH are write-only, they
cannot be read to confirm the settings. The settings in write-only registers can be
confirmed by this register. It is mainly used as help information during program
development. However, because these values are the actual system register settings,
they may be different from the values taken in as internal signals.
Version Number (VER): bits 15~12
Indicates the version number of VDP1. The value is "1" (0001B).
Plot trigger Mode (PTM1): bit 8
Setting of bit 1 of the plot trigger register (PTMR: 100004H).
Even/Odd Coordinate Select Bit (EOS): bit 7
Setting of bit 4 of the frame buffer change mode register (FBCR: 100002H).
Double Interlace Enable Bit (DIE): bit 6
Setting of bit 3 of the frame buffer change mode register (FBCR: 100002H).
Double Interlace Draw Line (DIL): bit 5
Setting of bit 2 of the frame buffer change mode register (FBCR: 100002H).
Frame Buffer Change Mode Bit (FCM): bit 4
Setting of bit 1 of the frame buffer change mode register (FBCR: 100002H).
MODR
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100016H
VER
--
--
--
PTM1
EOS DIE DIL
FCM
VBE
TVM
Read-only
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V-Blank Erase/Write Enable Bit (VBE): bit 3
Setting of bit 3 of the TV mode selection register (TVHR: 100000H).
TV Mode Selection Bits (TVM): bit 2~0
Setting of bits 2 through 0 of the TV mode selection register (TVHR: 100000H).
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VDP1 User's Manual
Chapter 5
Tables
Contents
5.1
Character Pattern Tables ................................................................. 60
5.2
Color Lookup Tables ........................................................................ 62
5.3
Gouraud Shading Table ................................................................... 64
5.4
Command Tables ............................................................................. 66
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5.1
Character Pattern Tables
A character pattern is data that becomes the basis for a sprite drawn by a texture
draw command.
Define character patterns continuously to VRAM as tables. The stored data are
referenced at the character address of the command table, and the data size is deter-
mined by the size of the character pattern and the color mode of the sprite.
Character Pattern Table Addresses
Define character pattern boundaries with a 20H (32)-byte boundary. However,
character patterns starting from address 00000H in VRAM cannot be defined. Char-
acter patterns are stored in a 20H-byte boundary, so that part of the 20H bytes not
filled becomes free space. The address of VRAM is 7FFFFH. Do not define character
patterns beyond address 80000H.
Table Size
Depending on the color mode, 1 pixel of the character pattern becomes 4-, 8- or 16-
bit data. The character size can be specified from 8 pixels to 504 pixels horizontally
in 8-pixel units and from 1 pixel to 255 pixels vertically in 1-pixel units.
For example, in order to represent a character pattern 8 horizontal pixels by 3 verti-
cal pixels, 0CH (12) bytes is required for 4 bits/pixel, 18H (24) bytes is required for 8
bits/pixel; and 30H (48) bytes is required for 16 bits/pixel. The table of a character
pattern requires 4H bytes when the character pattern is 8 horizontal pixels by 1
vertical pixel and 4 bits/pixel, and the maximum data of a character pattern is
3EC10H (257,040) bytes when the character pattern is 504 horizontal pixels by 255
vertical pixels and 16 bits/pixel.
Table 5.1 Size of Character Pattern Tables
*
Even a 4H-byte character requires 20H bytes in VRAM, so use caution.
Item
Minimum
Maximum
Character size
8 horizontal pixels x
1 vertical pixel
504 horizontal pixels x
255 vertical pixels
Color mode
4 bits/pixel
16 bits/pixel
Character pattern
4H bytes*
3EC10H (257,040) bytes
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Examples of Character Pattern Tables
The examples of character patterns in Figure 5.1 are shown with a character size of 8
horizontal pixels by 3 vertical pixels:
For 4 bits/pixel, 0CH (12) bytes is required.
pixel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+00H
+ 0
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
Value is relative address from
+04H
+ 4
+ 5
+ 6
+ 7
character pattern address
+08H
+ 8
+ 9
+ A
+ B
For 8 bits/pixel, 18H (24) bytes is required.
For 16 bits/pixel, 30H (48) bytes is required.
pixel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+00H
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+A
+B
+C +D +E
+F
+10H +10 +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +18 +19 +1A +1B +1C +1D +1E +1F
+20H +20 +21 +22 +23 +24 +25 +26 +27 +28 +29 +2A +2B +2C +2D +2E +2F
Figure 5.1 Examples of Character Pattern Tables
pixel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+00H
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+08H
+8
+9
+A
+B
+C
+D
+E
+F
+10H
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
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5.2
Color Lookup Tables
The color lookup table is used to specify the color of the pixels of the character
pattern in the lookup table mode. The color lookup table defines the respective color
codes of 16 colors in VRAM as 16-bit data. In the lookup table mode, character
patterns are defined in the character pattern table in 4 bits/pixel, and 1 color of the
16 colors defined as 4-bit data in the color lookup table is selected. The 16 bits of the
color code of the selected color are written to the frame buffer, as is as the color code
of the pixel.
The size of the color lookup table is 20H (32) bytes. The table should be written from
the boundary addresses of 20H-byte units in VRAM. However, 00000H cannot be
defined. VRAM occupies up to address 7FFFFH. Do not define color lookup tables
beyond address 80000H.
The data written to the color lookup table can be either color bank code or RGB
code. If RGB code, MSB = 0. If color bank code, MSB = 0 if RGB code is mixed, and
MSB can be either 0 or 1 if RGB is not mixed. Set MSB to match data processing by
the VDP2.
Figure 5.2 Color Lookup Table
Lookup Table Mode
The color mode is set to the lookup table mode by the sprite draw command. Ac-
cording to this specification, the character patterns stored in VRAM with 4 bits/pixel
are converted to color codes by referencing the specified color lookup table, and are
written to the frame buffer.
The storage address and size of the character pattern and the storage address in the
color lookup table are specified by the sprite draw command.
+00H
16-bit data
(color code of 0H)
+02H
16-bit data
(color code of 1H)
+04H
16-bit data
(color code of 2H)
:
:
+1CH
16-bit data
(color code of EH)
+1EH
16-bit data
(color code of FH)
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Character Patterns
In the lookup table mode a character pattern is 4 bits/pixel and is stored in VRAM.
Command Tables
The address of the color lookup table referenced by the sprite is specified in the color
lookup table address (top address + 06H) of the command table. The specified value
is address/8H. Since the color lookup table is stored in boundaries of 20H-byte
units, the lower two bits become 00B.
The relationship between the command table, color lookup table and character
pattern table is shown below.
Command Table
Lookup Table address
Character address
Character size
Character Pattern Table
Color Lookup Table
Address
Address
4-bit
data
16-bit
data
Frame buffer
Figure 5.3 Relationship between Tables in Lookup Table System
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5.3
Gouraud Shading Table
This table specifies RGB data for four points when processing Gouraud shading for
parts. The data for each of the four points is 16 bit, so 8 bytes are required for one
table. The table is positioned where an 8H-byte boundary address begins, but do not
write from 00000H to 0001FH. VRAM occupies up to address 7FFFFH. Do not define
Gouraud shading tables beyond 80000H.
The table defines RGB data for vertices (A), (B), (C), and (D), in that order. In the case
of lines, only vertices (A) and (B) are valid and correspond to the start and end of the
line. In the case of sprites, vertices (A), (B), (C), and (D) correspond to the upper-left,
upper-right, lower-right, and lower-left. This table is referenced when Gouraud
shading processing is specified.
Table 5.2 Gouraud Shading Table
Figure 5.4 RGB Code Format
Gouraud Shading
Gouraud shading can be performed on parts drawn in RGB code. Gouraud shading
specifies the amount of change in the luminance of each of R, G, and B, which are
changed in RGB code parts in a Gouraud shading table. It is only effective on RGB
color codes. The color cannot be guaranteed when Gouraud shading is specified for
color bank color codes.
Gouraud Shading Specification
Gouraud shading is specified with color calculation bits. The color calculation bits
are at bits 2~0 of the draw mode word at the top address + 04H of the command
table. When Gouraud shading is specified, the address of the Gouraud shading table
is specified. The top address/8H of the Gouraud shading table is positioned at the
top address + 1CH of the command table.
MSB
LSB
X
B
G
R
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
Note: The MSB 1 bit is ignored.
Table
Corresponding Vertices
address
Sprites, polygons, polylines
Lines
Table top address
Vertex (A)
Line start point
Table top address + 2
Vertex (B)
Line end point
Table top address + 4
Vertex (C)
Ignored
Table top address + 6
Vertex (D)
Ignored
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Gouraud Shading Processing
This specifies the data for the amount of change in R, G, and B for the four points
(two points in the case of lines) of the part in the Gouraud shading table. The data
interpolated for each of R, G, and B between the four points are added to the original
color of the part. Because each of the values of R, G, and B takes the values 00H to
1FH, the result of subtracting 10H from the complementary RGB data is added to the
original color of the part. For example, if the value of RGB is 10H, the original color
is left as is; if the value is 00H, the original color becomes 10H; and if the value is
1FH, then the original color becomes +0FH. If the value after color calculation be-
comes less than 00H, then 00H is used; if it is larger than 1FH, then 1FH is used.
The relationship between Gouraud shading table settings and correction values is
shown as follows.
Table 5.3 Relationship between Gouraud Shading Table Settings and Correction Values
Real Gouraud shading changes only the luminance, but in this system it changes
each of R, G, and B, and therefore in some cases the hue also changes. To avoid
changing the hue, define the same value for each RGB for one point defined in the
Gouraud shading table. By this means, white Gouraud shading is applied.
Gouraud shading is performed on non-textured colors in the case of lines, polylines,
and polygons and on colors referenced by the character pattern data or the color
lookup table in the case of sprites.
Table setting
Correction for original
data
Table setting
Correction for original
data
00H
10H
10H
0
01H
0FH
11H
+01H
02H
0EH
12H
+02H
03H
0DH
13H
+03H
04H
0CH
14H
+04H
05H
0BH
15H
+05H
06H
0AH
16H
+06H
07H
09H
17H
+07H
08H
08H
18H
+08H
09H
07H
19H
+09H
0AH
06H
1AH
+0AH
0BH
05H
1BH
+0BH
0CH
04H
1CH
+0CH
0DH
03H
1DH
+0DH
0EH
02H
1EH
+0EH
0FH
01H
1FH
+0FH
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5.4
Command Tables
Command tables comprise 1EH (30) bytes. Because command tables are fetched
every 20H (32) bytes, they should be defined with 20H boundaries. The 2 bytes
following command tables are dummy bytes, and are skipped when the command
table is fetched.
Command tables stored in VRAM are fetched from the top address (00000H) every
frame. A command table must always be stored at address 00000H to 0001EH.
Drawing operation cannot be guaranteed when other than a command table (color
lookup table, Gouraud shading table, or character pattern table) is stored there.
VRAM occupies up to 7FFFFH. Do not define Gouraud shading tables beyond
address 80000H
.
Figure 5.5 Command Table
66
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDCTRL
+00H
END
JP
ZP
0
0
Dir
Comm
CMDLINK
+02H
LINK specification/8H 0 0
CMDPMOD
+04H
MON
0
0
HSS
Pclp
Clip
Cmod
Mesh
ECD
SPD
Color mode
Color calculation bit
CMDCOLR
+06H
Color bank, color lookup table/8H (LSB is set to 00), non-textured color
CMDSRCA
+08H
Character address/8H 0 0
CMDSIZE
+0AH
0
0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
CMDXA
+0CH
Code extension
Point (A) X coordinate (XA)
*
CMDYA
+0EH
Code extension
Point (A) Y coordinate (YA)
CMDXB
+10H
Code extension
Point (B) X coordinate (XB)
CMDYB
+12H
Code extension
Point (B) Y coordinate (YB)
CMDXC
+14H
Code extension
Point (C) X coordinate (XC)
CMDYC
+16H
Code extension
Point (C) Y coordinate (YC)
CMDXD
+18H
Code extension
Point (D) X coordinate (XD)
CMDYD
+1AH
Code extension
Point (D) Y coordinate (YD)
CMDGRDA
+1CH
Gouraud Shading Table/8H
+1EH
(Dummy) Skipped during table fetch
+20H
:
Succeeding table
+40H
:
Succeeding table
+60H
:
:
*
Note:
The top bit of the vertex coordinate is a sign bit. A negative value is indicated by a
complement of 2. Extend the sign for the upper 6 bits.
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The order in which sprites and other parts are drawn is determined by how they are
placed in the VRAM of this command table.
Drawn parts processed first are the farthest from the view point, and parts processed
last are the closest to the view point.
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VDP1 User's Manual
Chapter 6
Command Tables
Contents
6.1
CMDCTRL (Control Words) .............................................................70
Commands ......................................................................... 71
Jump Mode ......................................................................... 72
Zoom Point ......................................................................... 73
Character Read Direction .................................................. 77
6.2
CMDLINK (Link Specification) ........................................................ 78
6.3
CMDPMOD (Draw Mode Word) ...................................................... 79
High Speed Shrink .............................................................. 81
Pre-Clipping Disable .......................................................... 83
User Clipping Enable ......................................................... 84
User Clipping Mode ............................................................ 84
Mesh Enable ....................................................................... 85
End Code Disable ...............................................................86
Transparent Pixel Disable .................................................. 88
Color Mode ......................................................................... 89
Color Calculation................................................................. 93
MSB ON .............................................................................. 97
6.4
CMDCOLR (Color Control Word) .................................................... 98
Color Bank .......................................................................... 99
Color Lookup Table .......................................................... 101
Non-textured Color ............................................................ 102
6.5
CMDSRCA (Character Address) ................................................... 103
6.6
CMDSIZE (Character Size)............................................................ 104
6.7
CMDXA~CMDYD (Vertex Coordinate Data) ................................. 105
6.8
CMDGRDA (Gouraud Shading Table) .......................................... 106
Note: Refer to "5.4 Command Tables" for more information on command tables.
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bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDCTRL
+00H
END
JP
ZP
0
0
Dir
Comm
6.1
CMDCTRL (Control Words)
CMDCTRL specifies commands and also controls command tables and specifies the
inversion and zoom point of sprites. CMDCTRL is 16 bits at the top address + 00H
of the command table, and its bit configuration is as follows. Set unused bits to "0."
End Bit (END): bit 15
Indicates the draw terminate command. If there is no draw terminate command, the
command selection bit becomes valid.
Jump Select (JP): bits 14~12
Indicates the method by which the next command table to be read (fetched) is speci-
fied.
Zoom Point (ZP): bits 11~8
Indicates the zoom point in the case of a scaled sprite draw command. The zoom
point specifies the reference point for inversion and enlargement or reduction.
Character Read Direction (Dir): bits 5, 4
Indicates the read direction from the character pattern table in the case of a texture
draw command.
Command Select (Comm): bits 3~0
Indicates the function of the command. When the end bit is a terminate command,
command select is disabled.
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Commands
Commands are determined by the end bit (END, bit 15) of CMDCTRL and the
command selection bit (Comm, bits 3~0). The commands set by the end bit and the
command selection bit are shown in Table 6.1. The content of the command table in
VRAM is determined by the command.
Table 6.1 Commands
END
Comm
Bit 15
3
2
1
0
Function
Commands
0
0
0
0
0
Textured draw
Normal sprite draw command
0
1
command
Scaled sprite draw command
1
0
Draw
Distorted sprite draw command
1
0
0
commands
Non-textured
Polygon draw command
0
1
draw command
Polyline draw command
1
0
Line draw command
1
0
0
0
Register set
Clipping coodinate
Set command for user clipping
coordinates
1
commands
set commands
Set command for system clipping
coordinates
1
0
Local coordinate set command
1
0
0
0
0
Draw end command
All other codes
Setting prohibited (do not use)
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Jump Mode
T
he jump mode specifies the command table to be processed next and how to jump
to the table. When the jump mode specifies the address and jumps to it, the address
of the command table (prior to jumping) is set to a CMDLINK (top address + 02H of
command table, 16 bits).
Jump Mode (JP): top address + 00H of command table, bits 14~12
Specifies the jump mode for jumping to the next command table to be processed.
When the jump mode is skipped (bit 14 = 1), reading of the command table is termi-
nated there and the table is not processed. There is 1 level of nesting by a jump call.
Do not use jump calls in subroutines.
When jump assign, jump call, skip assign, or skip call is specified, the address of the
table to be processed next is specified by CMDLINK.
When jump next, jump return, skip next, or skip return is specified, CMDLINK is
ignored.
JP
Bit 14
13
12
Jump mode
Processing
0
0
0
Jump next
Automatically jumps to next table (address +20
H
) a
fter this
table is processed (CMDLINK is ignored).
0
0
1
Jump assign
Jumps to CMDLINK table after this table is processed.
0
1
0
Jump call
CMDLINK table receives subroutine call after this table is
processed.
0
1
1
Jump return
Returns to main routine after this table is processed
(CMDLINK is ignored).
1
0
0
Skip next
Jumps to next table (address +20
H
) a
fter this table is
processed (CMDLINK is ignored).
1
0
1
Skip assign
Jumps to CMDLINK table without processing this table.
1
1
0
Skip call
CMDLINK table receives subroutine call without processing
this table.
1
1
1
Skip return
Returns to main routine without processing this table
(CMDLINK is ignored).
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Zoom Point
Zoom point specifies the zoom point of the character when a scaled sprite is drawn
enlarged or reduced. It functions only with scaled sprites.
Zoom Point (ZP): top address + 00H of command table, bits 11~8
Zoom point specifies the fixed point of the character when a scaled sprite is drawn
enlarged or reduced. The relationship between the value of the zoom point and the
fixed point is as follows. When the zoom point (ZP) is "0," there is no zoom point,
and drawing is performed by specifying the upper-left coordinates and the lower-
right coordinates.
Fix the zoom point to 0H for sprites other than scaled sprites.
ZP
Bit 11
10
9
8
Code
Zoom point
0
0
0
0
0
H
Specifies two coordinates
0
1
0
1
5
H
Upper-left
0
1
1
0
6
H
Upper-center
0
1
1
1
7
H
Upper-right
1
0
0
1
9
H
Center-left
1
0
1
0
A
H
Center-center
1
0
1
1
B
H
Center-right
1
1
0
1
D
H
Lower-left
1
1
1
0
E
H
Lower-center
1
1
1
1
F
H
Lower-right
Other than above
Setting prohibited (do not set)
+4
+8
+C
Center line
The result of adding the vertical
and horizontal values is the value
of the zoom point.
+3
+2
+1
Figure 6.1 Zoom Point
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When a value other than "0" is specified for the zoom point (ZP), the drawing posi-
tion and drawing size of the sprite are determined by the zoom point (ZP), zoom
point coordinates, and display width. The zoom point of a character whose zoom
point is specified is drawn at the zoom point coordinates (CMDXA, CMDYA). The
drawing size is determined by the display width (CMDXB, CMDYB).
When reduced, pixels are pulled out, and therefore the specified zoom point may
disappear. Do not specify values other than those that have been established as the
zoom point. Drawing cannot be guaranteed when values other than those that have
been established are specified.
Because the character size in the X direction is a multiple of 8, the zoom point will
not be exactly in the center. When the length in the Y direction is an even value, the
zoom point will not be exactly in the center. When the length is an even number, the
coordinates for the left side, right side, top, and bottom are calculated from point (A)
and the display width, and therefore the position of the zoom point may shift.
The direction of drawing of the character is specified by the read direction of the
character. A negative value cannot be specified for the display width. Drawing
cannot be guaranteed when a negative value is specified for the display width.
Zoom Point Specification
When ZP is other than 0
H
, the zoom point coordinates are specified by CMDXA and
CMDYA and the display width is specified by CMDXB and CMDYB.
Specification of Coordinates for Two Points
When ZP is 0H, coordinates for the upper-left and coordinates for the lower-right
can be specified. Vertex (A) is specified by CMDXA and CMDYA, and vertex (C) is
specified by CMDXC and CMDYC.
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDXA
+0CH
Code extension
Zoom point, X coordinate (XA)
CMDYA
+0EH
Code extension
Zoom point, Y coordinate (YA)
CMDXB
+10H
Code extension
Display, X width (XB)
CMDYB
+12H
Code extension
Display, Y width (YB)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDXA
+0CH
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
CMDYA
+0EH
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
+10H
:
+12H
:
CMDXC
+14H
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
CMDYC
+16H
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
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Drawing Area
The zoom point coordinates are specified by CMDXA and CMDYA. The zoom point
specified by the Zoom Point (ZP) is drawn at the zoom point coordinates. The zoom
point becomes the reference point when zooming the character.
The display width is specified by CMDXB and CMDYB. The display width becomes
the size drawn.
The area in which the character is drawn is determined by the zoom point bit, zoom
point coordinates, and the display width. When the zoom point coordinate is (XA,
YA) and the display width is (XB, YB), the drawing area is as shown in Figure 6.2.
Values to the left of the decimal point are rounded off.
Left side is zoom point, left side =XA,
right side = XA + XB
Center is zoom point, left side = XA-XB/2,
right side = XA + (XB + 1)/2
Right side is zoom point, left side = XA-XB,
right side = XA
Top side is zoom point, top side = YA,
bottom side = YA + YB
Center if zoom point, top side = YA-YB/2,
bottom side = YA + (YB + 1)/2
Bottom side is zoom point, top side = YA-YB,
bottom side = YA
Figure 6.2 Drawing Area
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Zoom Point and Drawing Area
When the zoom point coordinates are (100, 50) and the display widths are (40, 30),
the coordinates for each of the vertices are as follows. A sprite for which vertical or
horizontal inversion is not specified is assumed. In this case, vertex (A) is (100, 50)
and vertex (C) is (140, 80) when the zoom point (ZP) is 0H.
Figure 6.3 Zoom Point and Drawing Area
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Character Read Direction
The read direction of the character can be specified. This specification makes it
possible to invert the character vertically and horizontally.
Character Read Direction (Dir) Bits: Command table start address + 00H, bits 5, 4
These bits specify the read direction of the character pattern. Vertical inversion,
horizontal inversion, or simultaneous vertical and horizontal inversion can be speci-
fied.
When bit 5 is "0," the vertical (Y) direction is drawn as is, without inversion. When
bit 5 is "1," the character pattern is inverted vertically.
When bit 4 is "0," the horizontal (X) axis is drawn as is, without inversion. When bit
4 is "1", then the character pattern is inverted horizontally.
When bits 4 and 5 are both "0", then the character pattern is drawn as is with no
inversion. When bits 4 and 5 are both "1", then the character pattern is inverted both
vertically and horizontally. Fix the character read direction to 00B for characters
other than sprites.
....
A B
Original graphic
A B
Draw
Dir = 00B
Not inverted
Dir = 01B
Inverted horizontally
Dir = 11B
Inverted vertically &
horizontally
Dir = 10B
Inverted vertically
Figure 6.4 Character Read Direction
Dir
Y
X
Inversion processing
0
0
Not inverted
0
1
Inverted horizontally
1
0
Inverted vertically
1
1
Inverted vertically and horizontally
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6.2
CMDLINK (Link Specification)
CMDLINK specifies the address of the command table to be processed next when
assign or call is specified in the jump mode. The specification is made with the 16
bits at the top address + 02H of the command table.
CMDLINK: Top Address + 02H of Command Table
When the command table being processed is completed, processing moves to the
command table at the address of CMDLINK if the jump mode is set to assign, and if
it is set to call, the command table at the CMDLINK address is called in a subroutine
and processing moves to the next command table to be processed.
A value resulting from dividing the address in VRAM by 8H is specified with 16 bits
as the address. Because command tables are stored in boundaries of 20H (32)-byte
units, the lower 2 bits of CMDLINK become 00
H
.
When the jump mode specifies the next table or specifies return to the main routine,
this CMDLINK is ignored.
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDLINK
+02H
Link specification/8H
0
0
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bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDPMOD
+04
H
MON
0
0
HSS Pclp
Clip
Cmod
Mesh
ECD
SPD
Color mode
Color calculation bits
6.3
CMDPMOD (Draw Mode Word)
CMDPMOD enables or disables clipping, specifies mesh processing and the trans-
parent code, specifies the color mode, and controls color calculation and shade
processing. It occupies the 2 bytes from the top address + 04H of the command table,
and its bit configuration is as follows. Set unused bits to "0."
High Speed Shrink (HSS): bit 12
Specifies whether speed or precision is given priority when scaled or distorted
sprites are reduced and drawn.
Pre-clipping Disable (Pclp): bit 11
Specifies whether coordinate calculation, which judges whether clipping is required
or not, is disabled or not.
Clipping Mode Bit (Clip): bit 10
Specifies whether or not the part is drawn according to the user clipping coordinates
already set in the case of a part draw command.
User Clipping Enable Bit (Cmod): bit 9
Specifies whether clipping is performed inside or outside the user clipping coordi-
nates when user clipping is enabled (Clip = 1).
Mesh Enable Bit (Mesh): bit 8
Specifies whether or not mesh processing is performed in the case of a part draw
command.
End Code Disable (ECD): bit 7
Specifies whether or not the end code of the character pattern is disabled.
Transparent Pixel Disable (SPD): bit 6
Specifies whether or not the transparent pixel of the character pattern is disabled.
Color Mode Bits: bits 5~3
Specifies the number of colors in which the sprite is drawn and how they are ex-
pressed.
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Color Calculation Bits: bits 2~0
Specifies color calculation of Gouraud shading, shadow, half-luminance, and half-
transparent.
MSB On Bit (MON): bit 15
Looks at the MSB of the sprite data in the VDP2 and performs shadow or window
processing. This bit is assigned when this function is used. Refer to the VDP2
manual for more information.
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High Speed Shrink
High Speed Shrink (HSS): bit 12
Specifies whether speed or precision is given priority when scaled or distorted
sprites are reduced and drawn.
This bit is only valid for drawing commands for scaled sprites and distorted sprites.
Set it to "0" for other drawing commands.
When this bit is set to "1", only the pixels at even or odd coordinates of the original
picture data are sampled for lines to be reduced when drawn. The selection of even
coordinates or odd coordinates is performed by the even/odd coordinate selection
(EOS) bit of the frame buffer change mode register (FBCR).
When "1" is specified, the end code of the original picture is ignored regardless of
whether the sprite is being enlarged or reduced.
When "0" is specified, the original picture data is sampled at any magnification ratio
irrespective of even or odd coordinates.
Specify "0" to give precedence to precision of drawing even though operation may
be slowed down, and specify "1" to give fast operation precedence over precision.
HSS
Processing
0
High speed shrink disabled
1
High speed shrink enabled
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01 03 05 07
11 13 15 17
21 23 25 27
31 33 35 37
41 43 45 47
50
27
60
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
01 04 06
11 13 15 17
20 22 24 25
30 32 33 34 36 37
40 41 42 44 45 46 47
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 63 64 65 66
70 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 77
67
57
50
26
60
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
00 04 06
10 12 14 16
20 22 22 24
30 32 32 34 34 36
40 40 42 42 44 44 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 63 64 65 66
70 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 77
67
57
50
27
60
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
01 05 07
11 13 15 17
21 23 23 25
31 33 33 35 35 37
41 41 43 43 45 45 47
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 63 64 65 66
70 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 77
67
57
00 02 04 06
10 12 14 16
20 22 24 26
30 32 34 36
40 42 44 46
Original Picture
Plotting
X3/8
X4/8
X5/8
X6/8
X7/8
X1
X9/8
X10/8
·When HSS = 0
·When HSS = 1, EOS = 0
·When HSS = 1, EOS = 1
Zooming
Sampling only even X coordinates
Sampling only odd X coordinates
Figure 6.5 High Speed Shrink
Drawing
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Pre-Clipping Disable
Pre-Clipping Disable (Pclp): bit 11
Specifies whether pre-clipping is enabled or disabled. When "0" is specified, pre-
clipping is performed. When "1" is specified, pre-clipping is not performed. One
drawing command comprises a group of several lines, and the respective lines
comprise a number of dots. Each dot is drawn based on clipping area (drawing area)
information specified by the CPU.
For lines that are completely separated from the drawing area or if drawing of the
entire line is not necessary and can be detected in advance, drawing efficiency can be
raised by specifying the drawing not be started. Also, when one end of a line is
outside the drawing area, efficiency can be improved by starting drawing from
inside the drawing area (limited to vertical and horizontal lines).
VDP1 normally performs this detection, but in the case of small elements whose
points are in the (A)--(B) or (D)--(C) direction, the overhead required for that detec-
tion (up to five CPU clock cycles for one line) becomes conspicuous and can lower
the drawing efficiency.
In the case of large elements that extend greatly out of the drawing area, it is more
efficient to perform pre-clipping. This bit is only valid for drawing commands. Set it
to "0" for other commands.
Figure 6.6 Pre-clipping
Pclp
Processing
0
Pre-clipping with horizontal inversion
1
No pre-clipping and no horizontal inversion
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Clip
Cmod
User clipping processing
0
0
User clipping disabled
0
1
Setting prohibited (do not set)
1
0
Inside drawing mode
1
1
Outside drawing mode
User Clipping Enable
User Clipping Enable Bit (Clip): bit 10
This bit specifies whether or not the part is drawn according to the already set user
clipping coordinates when the command is a draw command for a part.
When the bit is "0," the user clipping coordinates are ignored and the part is clipped
and drawn according to the system clipping coordinates. When the bit is "1," the
part is clipped and drawn according to the user clipping coordinates and the specifi-
cation of the clipping mode bit (Cmod). Even when this bit is "1," the part is clipped
according to the system clipping coordinates.
Both the user and system clipping coordinates become undefined after resetting.
Therefore, the clipping register set command must be used to set the system clipping
coordinates after resetting and to set the user clipping coordinates prior to the user
clipping specification.
User Clipping Mode
Clipping Mode Bit (Cmod): bit 9
Specifies whether drawing is performed inside or outside the user clipping coordi-
nates when user clipping is enabled (Clip = 1). When it is 0, drawing is performed
inside. When it is 1, drawing is performed outside.
When Cmod = 1, the user clipping rectangle (including the lines) already specified
becomes the drawing area. When Cmod = 0, the drawing area does not include the
lines of the rectangle.
Cmod = 0
(inside drawing mode)
Cmod = 1
(outside drawing mode)
Frame buffer
Frame buffer
Drawing area
Lower-right coordinate
of user clipping
Upper-right
coordinate of
user clipping
Figure 6.7 Drawing Area
Do not set this bit to "1" when user clipping is disabled (Clip = 0). Combinations of
the user clipping enable bit and the clipping mode bit have the following results.
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Mesh Enable
Mesh Enable Bit: bit 8
This bit specifies whether or not mesh processing is performed when the command
is a draw command for a part. When it is "0," the part is drawn without mesh pro-
cessing. When it is "1," the part is drawn with mesh processing.
When mesh processing is specified (Mesh = 1), every other pixel of the part is drawn
to form a mesh. Only pixels for which (X coordinate value + Y coordinate value) is
even (XLSB XOR YLSB = 0) are drawn, and odd pixels are skipped and not drawn.
When the starting point of a 45
°
diagonal line is an odd coordinate, nothing is
drawn. Nothing is drawn in some cases when the point of a 45
°
polyline is an odd
coordinate.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
: not drawn
: drawn
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Figure 6.8 Mesh Processing
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
: not drawn
: drawn
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
This line is not drawn
This polyline is not drawn
Figure 6.9 Mesh Processing of Lines and Polylines
Mesh
Mesh enable
0
Draw without mesh processing
1
Draw with mesh processing
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End Code Disable
End Code Disable (ECD): bit 7
This bit specifies whether or not the end code of the character pattern is disabled.
When it is "0," the end code is enabled; when it is "1," the end code is disabled.
The end code disable bit is only valid for drawing sprites with a character pattern.
Set this bit to "1" for polygons, polylines, and lines.
If a second end code is read in the horizontal direction during drawing of a character
pattern when end code is enabled (ECD = 0), drawing of that row is terminated there
and drawing moves to the head of the next row. End codes are not drawn and that
pixel becomes transparent. When the end code is disabled (ECD = 1), the end code is
processed in the same way as other color codes.
Drawing in the horizontal direction is terminated when an end code is read twice,
and an end code is only processed in the horizontal direction of the character pattern
and is not affected by the vertical direction. Processing is performed irrespective of
the transparent pixel disable bit (SPD).
When the end code is enabled (ECD = 0), it cannot be used for color display, and
therefore, the number of colors that can be used is reduced by one. Use caution.
Use end code disable (ECD = 1) in the case of sprites reduced in the horizontal
direction by HSS = 1.
The relationship between the color mode and the end code is as follows. The number
of bits of the end code differs depending on the color mode.
Color mode
End code
0
16 colors (color bank mode)
FH ( 4 bits)
1
16 colors (lookup table mode)
FH ( 4 bits)
2
64 colors (color bank mode)
FFH ( 8 bits)
3
128 colors (color bank mode)
FFH ( 8 bits)
4
256 colors (color bank mode)
FFH ( 8 bits)
5
32,768 colors (RGB mode)
7FFFH (16 bits)
HSS
ECD
End code processing
0
0
End code enabled: drawing in horizontal direction is disabled when second
end code is read and end code becomes transparent.
0
1
End code disabled: end code is not processed,
color of code is expressed.
1 &
enlarge
0
End code enabled: drawing in horizontal direction is disabled when second
end code is read and end code becomes transparent.
1 &
reduce
0
End code disabled: end code is not processed,
color of code is expressed.
1
1
End code disabled: end code is not processed,
color of code is expressed.
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An example of end code processing is shown below.
Since drawing is not allowed toward the outside from the end code when read from
the left or right, place only a transparent pixel there. Therefore, when ECD = 0, SPD
must equal 0. Do not use the combination ECD = 0 and SPD=1.
The drawing direction may be inverted by pre-clipping. When using end codes in
the original picture, do so as shown below.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
E E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
Transparent pixel
:End code
:Other pixels
E
Place only transparent pixels toward
the outside of end codes.
Place one end code each at the right and left of pictures
made up of non-transparent pixels
Even if transparent pixels are included inside, only
one end code each is placed to the far outside.
Two end codes are placed at either end of
lines comprising all transparent pixels.
End codes are not placed in lines in which either
both ends or one end is not a transparent pixel.
E
Figure 6.10(b) End Code Processing (2 of 2)
Figure 6.10(a) End Code Processing (1 of 2)
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Transparent Pixel Disable
Transparent Pixel Disable (SPD): bit 6
This bit specifies whether or not the transparent pixel of the character pattern is
disabled. When it is "0," the transparent pixel is enabled; when it is "1," the trans-
parent pixel is disabled. The transparent pixel disable bit is only valid for drawing
sprites with a character pattern. Be sure to set this bit to "1" for polygons, polylines,
and lines.
When the transparent pixel is enabled (SPD = 0), transparent color codes in the
character pattern become transparent pixels and are not drawn. When the end code
is disabled (SPD = 1), the transparent color code is processed like other color codes.
When the transparent pixel is enabled (SPD = 0), the number of colors that can be
used decreases by one, so use caution. For example, only 14 colors can be displayed
when ECD = 0, SPD = 0, and color mode = 0.
The relationship between the color mode and the transparent color code is as fol-
lows. The number of bits of the transparent color code differs depending on the
color mode.
Color mode
Transparent color code
0
16 colors (color bank mode)
0H ( 4 bits)
1
16 colors (lookup table mode)
0H ( 4 bits)
2
64 colors (color bank mode)
00H ( 8 bits)
3
128 colors (color bank mode)
00H ( 8 bits)
4
256 colors (color bank mode)
00H ( 8 bits)
5
32,768 colors (RGB mode)
0000H (16 bits)
SPD
End code processing
0
Transparent pixel enable:
transparent color codes are not
drawn; transparent color codes
become transparent.
1
Transparent pixel disable:
transparent color code is not
processed, color of code is expressed.
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Color Mode
Color Mode Bits: bits 5~3
These bits specify the method by which the number of colors to be drawn is ex-
pressed. It is only valid for sprites. Set the color mode to 000B for non-textures. The
possible color modes include the color bank mode, which specifies the color with a
palette code and a color bank; the lookup table mode, which uses a color lookup
table; and the RGB mode, which specifies the luminance directly. In the color bank
mode, the color can be selected from among 16, 64, 128, or 256 colors, depending on
the number of bits of the pixel data. In the lookup table mode, the color can be
selected from among 16 colors. And in the RGB mode, 32,768 colors can be drawn.
The color mode bits are described in the following table.
Color mode
Description
Bits per
Bit 5
4
3
Mode
Number of
colors
Mode
pixel
0
0
0
0
16
Color bank mode
4 bits
0
0
1
1
16
Lookup table mode
4 bits
0
1
0
2
64
Color bank mode
8 bits
0
1
1
3
128
Color bank mode
8 bits
1
0
0
4
256
Color bank mode
8 bits
1
0
1
5
32,768
RGB mode
16 bits
Other than above
Setting prohibited (do not set)
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Character Patterns in Each Mode
Character patterns are stored in VRAM in each mode. An example is shown that is 8
horizontal pixels and 1 vertical pixel.
Mode 0
This is the 16-color color bank mode. Color is expressed using palette codes and a
color bank. One pixel is represented by 4 bits. 16 colors can be drawn. 4 bytes are
necessary to express 8 pixels. The data for 2 pixels are contained in 1 byte, and when
there is no horizontal inversion, the upper 4 bits represent the left pixel and the
lower 4 bits represent the right pixel.
The palette code is represented by 4 bits, and the upper 12 bits are the color bank
added from the color bank word (top address + 06H of command table), resulting in
16-bit data being written to the frame buffer. When there are 8 bits/pixel (frame
buffer rotation or high resolution), the lower 8 bits of the 16 bits are written to the
frame buffer. The upper 8 bits are ignored. Because the draw pixel data is color bank
code, color calculation cannot be performed.
Mode 1
This mode is the lookup table mode which uses a color lookup table. One pixel is
represented by 4 bits. 16 colors can be drawn. The character data is the same as in
mode 0. The data for 1 color of the 16-bit 16 colors stored in the color lookup table is
selected with 4 bits and written to the frame buffer. When there are 8 bits/pixel
(frame buffer rotation or high resolution), the lower 8 bits of the 16 bits are written to
the frame buffer.
The address of the color lookup table is written to the lookup table address (top
address + 06H of command table; also used as color bank word). Either color bank
code or RGB code can be specified as the color code of the lookup table. However,
RGB code is prohibited when there are 8 bits per pixel.
Figure 6.11 Example of Drawing in Modes 0 and 1
90
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
+00H
Pixel 0
1
2
3
+02H
4
5
6
7
Original picture with 8 horizontal pixels
+00H
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+02H
+04H
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
+06H
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Mode 2, Mode 3, Mode 4
Mode 2, mode 3, and mode 4 are respectively 64-color, 128-color, and 256-color
palette bank modes. Colors are represented by palette code and a color bank.
One pixel is represented by 8 bits. In the respective modes, 64 colors, 128 colors, and
256 colors can be drawn. 8 bytes are required to represent 8 pixels.
The palette code is represented by bits 6, 7, and 8, and upper bits 10, 9, and 8 are the
color bank added from the color bank word (top address + 06H of command table),
resulting in 16-bit data being written to the frame buffer. In mode 2 and mode 3, the
respective upper 2 bits and upper 1 bit are ignored. When there are 8 bits/pixel
(frame buffer rotation or high resolution), the lower 8 bits of the 16 bits are written to
the frame buffer. Because the draw pixel data is color bank code, color calculation
cannot be performed.
Figure 6.12 Example of Drawing in Modes 2, 3, and 4
Mode 5
This is the 32,768-color RGB mode. The color is expressed by the respective lumi-
nances of red, green, and blue (RGB). One pixel is represented by 16 bits. It is pos-
sible to draw 32,768 colors. 16 bytes are required to express 8 pixels.
The RGB code is represented by a MSB (value 1), which indicates that the code is
RGB code, and the respective luminances of R, G, and B are represented by 5 bits
each. The respective luminances of R, G and B are represented by the values 00H to
1FH. The closer the value is to 00H, the darker the color; the closer it is to 1FH, the
brighter the color. When all of R, G, and B are 00H, the value is 8000H, which repre-
sents black; when all are 1FH, the value is FFFFH, which represents white.
RGB codes are written in their original 16-bit form to the frame buffer. When there
are 8 bits/pixel (frame buffer rotation or high resolution), this mode cannot be used.
Color calculation can be performed on RGB code.
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
+00H
Pixel 0
1
+02H
2
3
+04H
4
5
+06H
6
7
Original picture with 8 horizontal pixels
+00H
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+06H
+08H
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
+0EH
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bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
+00H
Pixel 0 (upper byte)
Pixel 0 (lower byte)
+02H
1 (upper byte)
1 (lower byte)
+04H
2 (upper byte)
2 (lower byte)
+06H
3 (upper byte)
3 (lower byte)
+08
H
4 (upper byte)
4 (lower byte)
+0A
H
5 (upper byte)
5 (lower byte)
+0C
H
6 (upper byte)
6 (lower byte)
+0E
H
7 (upper byte)
7 (lower byte)
MSB LSB
1
B
G
R
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
Note: The MSB is 1.
Figure 6.13 RGB Code Format
Table 6.2 Pixel Data
Pixel data
Draw data
0000
H
Transparent color code
0001
H
:
7FFE
H
Setting prohibited
(Do not set in RGB mode)
(Palette bank code)
7FFF
H
End code
8000
H
:
FFFF
H
RGB code
Original picture with 8 horizontal pixels
+00H
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+0EH
+10H
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
+1EH
Figure 6.14 Example of Drawing in Mode 5
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Color Calculation
Color Calculation Bits: bits 2~0
These bits specify Gouraud shading, shadow, half-luminance, and half-transparency.
The functions of each of the bits are as follows.
Color calculation is performed on sprites or non-textured pixel data to be drawn and
on pixel data already drawn in the frame buffer.
Except for color calculation of replace and shadow, color calculation can only be
performed when the color code of the original picture is RGB code. Color calculation
can be executed when the color code is color bank code, but the results are not guar-
anteed.
In the case of sprites, color calculation can be performed when the color mode is
mode 1 (lookup table mode) and the color code of the color lookup table is RGB
code, or when the color mode is mode 5 (RGB mode). Color calculation can be per-
formed for non-textured colors when the color code is RGB code.
In color calculation of parts with an original picture, the transparent code is valid
when SPD = 0 and the end code is valid when ECD = 0, and therefore color calcula-
tion cannot be performed on those pixels.
Color calculation for polygons, polylines, and lines is enabled only when the non-
textured color is RGB code. Color calculation cannot be performed when there are 8
bits/pixel (high resolution or rotation 8).
Bit
Function
2
Gouraud shading enable bit
1
1/2 original graphic enable bit
0
1/2 background enable bit
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Color Calculation
Color calculation includes replace, shadow, half-luminance, half-transparent,
Gouraud shading, and the combination of half-luminance with Gouraud shading
and half-transparent with Gouraud shading. These are specified as follows.
Notes
--: doesn't matter
Original graphic: sprite or pixel data to be drawn in non-textured color.
Background: pixel data already drawn in the frame buffer.
1
Original graphic (transparent pixels, end code) is referenced.
2
Data that has undergone saturation processing after Gouraud calculation is reduced by
half.
3
Background is added to data that has undergone saturation processing after Gouraud
calculation is reduced by half.
Replace (Color Calculation Mode = 0)
Color calculation is not performed for replace. Parts to be drawn are written, as is, to
the frame buffer. Pixel data already written to the frame buffer are not affected.
Color calculation cannot be performed when there are 8 bits/pixel, so replace should
be specified.
Shadow (Color Calculation Mode = 1)
Processing differs depending on the MSB of the pixel data already written to the
frame buffer. When the MSB of the frame buffer is "0," processing of color calcula-
tion, including replace, is not performed and the frame buffer is left as is. When the
MSB of the frame buffer is "1," shadow is performed.
In shadow, pixel data already written to the frame buffer is subjected to color calcu-
lation. The area in the frame buffer on which color calculation is to be performed is
sought from the character pattern and its draw coordinates in the case of sprites, and
from the draw coordinates in the case of non-textures. The luminance of pixel data
already written in the frame buffer in the area where the part is to be drawn becomes
one half for each of R, G, and B.
Shadow does not change the MSB of the background. Transparent areas remain
transparent.
Color
calculation
Background
Original
Type of color
Usable modes
(in Bit)
MSB
graphic
Background
calculation
Original
2
1
0
graphic
Background
0
0
0
--
1
0
Replace
Not restricted
Not restricted
0
0
1
0
0
1
Cannot rewrite
Not
Not restricted
1
0
1
1/2
Shadow
restricted
RGB
0
1
0
--
1/2
0
Half-luminance
RGB
Not restricted
0
1
1
0
1
0
Replace
RGB
Not restricted
1
1/2
1/2
Half-transparent
RGB
1
0
0
--
Gouraud
0
Gouraud shading
RGB
Not restricted
1
0
1
--
--
--
Setting prohibited
(do not set)
--
--
1
1
0
--
Gouraud
1/2
0
Gouraud shading +
half-luminance
2
RGB
Not restricted
0
Gouraud
0
Gouraud shading
Not restricted
1
1
1
1
Gouraud
1/2
1/2
Gouraud shading +
half- transparent
3
RGB
RGB
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Shadow halves the luminance of pixels in the frame buffer. To make the luminance
one fourth, set the same command table in VRAM twice. To make it one eighth, set
the same command table in VRAM three times.
In shadow, calculation is performed on the pixel data read from the coordinates to
which the pixel data of the original graphic is written. Drawing in this case slows
down, so use caution--It takes six times longer than when color calculation is not
performed.
Half-Luminance (Color Calculation Mode = 2)
Half-luminance halves the luminance of each of R, G, and B of the pixel data of the
part to be drawn. Pixel data already written to the frame buffer is not affected.
Half-Transparency (Color Calculation Mode = 3)
Processing differs depending on the MSB of the frame buffer. When the MSB is "0,"
replace is performed. When the MSB of the frame buffer is "1," half-transparency
results. In half-transparency, one half (average) the sum of the data of the original
graphic and the background is written to the frame buffer.
Color calculation of half-transparency is performed on the pixel data of the original
graphic and the pixel data read from the write coordinates. Drawing in this case
slows down, so use caution--it takes six times longer than when color calculation is
not performed.
Gouraud Shading (Color Calculation Mode = 4)
Processes Gouraud shading using the RGB code set in the Gouraud shading table.
Pixel data already written to the frame buffer is not affected. The Gouraud shading
table address is specified by CMDGRDA (top address + 1CH of command table).
Gouraud Shading + Half-luminance (Color Calculation Mode = 6)
Gouraud shading + half-luminance is processing that combines half-luminance with
Gouraud shading. The part undergoes half-luminance processing after receiving
Gouraud shading processing.
Gouraud Shading + Half-Transparency (Color Calculation Mode = 7)
Processing differs depending on the MSB of the frame buffer. When the MSB of the
frame buffer is "0," Gouraud shading is performed. When the MSB of the frame
buffer is "1," Gouraud shading + half-transparency is performed.
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Original Graphic
In parts (sprites) with an original graphic, color calculation other than shadow is
enabled only in the RGB mode (lookup table is RGB code in color mode 1 and color
mode 5). If not in the RGB mode (characters in color bank mode), the results cannot
be guaranteed.
In color calculation of parts with an original graphic, the transparent code is enabled
when SPD = 0 and the end code is enabled when ECD = 0; therefore color calcula-
tion of that pixel cannot be performed.
When color calculation other than shadow is performed in the RGB mode (color
mode 5) and when SPD = 1, the result for pixels with transparent color code (0000H)
of the original graphic cannot be guaranteed. They are treated as black in color
calculation.
When color calculation other than shadow is performed in the RGB mode (color
mode 5) and when ECD = 1, the result for pixels with end code (7FFFH) of the origi-
nal graphic cannot be guaranteed. They are treated as white in color calculation.
In color calculation other than shadow on polygons, polylines, and lines, non-tex-
tured color is enabled only for RGB code.
Figure 6.15 Examples of Color Calculation
Original graphic
Color Calculation mode= 0
Color Calculation mode= 2
Color Calculation mode= 4
Color Calculation= 6
Background
Color Calculation mode= 1
Color Calculation mode= 3
Color Calculation mode= 5
Color Calculation mode= 7
Replace
Shadow
Half-
Luminance
Gouraud+Half-
Luminance
Gouraud
Half-
Luminance
MSB = 0
MSB = 1
Setting
Prohibited
Gouraud+Half-
Transparent
(Palettes, etc.)
(RGB, etc.)
Gouraud
Replace
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MSB ON
MSB ON Bit (MON): bit 15
When a mode is set in which the VDP2 uses shadow (drops luminance of pixel data
in scroll screen) or window (displays a different screen in the specified area),
shadow and window processing are performed when the most significant bit (MSB)
is "1."
Set the MSB to "1" (ON) for the pixels already written to the frame buffer. The color
code is valid only when the frame buffer is color bank code (this is because the MSB
is used for shadow enable and window enable in the VDP2, eliminating an RGB
recognition bit), thus making it impossible to perform color calculation. Specify
replace for color calculation.
In the case of textured parts, this can be used only when the original graphic data
has or does not have pixels (no pixels for transparent and end codes and pixels for
everything else), and therefore RGB code or color bank code can be used as the color
code. In the case of non-textured parts, the non-textured color is not reflected in the
drawing.
Do not specify color calculation (specify replace instead) when the MSB is set to "1."
When the MSB is set to "1," color calculation has no meaning and processing takes a
long time, so use caution.
For parts that undergo mesh processing, the MSB is set to ON in the mesh condition.
An example of MSB ON is shown below.
Transparent
Original graphic
When MSB is ON in distorted sprite
The MSB of the data in the
frame buffer in this area
becomes "1". Since it
becomes "1" whether or not it
is already drawn, the address
becomes 0000H
8000H, so
use caution.
Figure 6.16 MSB ON
MON
Processing
0
MSB of pixel data in frame buffer is not changed
1
Sets MSB of pixel data in frame buffer to 1
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6.4
CMDCOLR (Color Control Word)
CMDCOLR specifies the color of the part. The function differs depending on the
part and the color mode. It specifies the color bank, the color lookup table address,
or non-textured colors. CMDCOLR is at the top address + 06H of the command table
and is 16 bits.
CMDCOLR: top address + 06H of command table
When a textured part is in the color bank mode, color bank is specified; when it is a
textured part in the lookup table mode, the lookup table address is specified, and
when it is a non-textured part, a non-textured color is specified. When it is a textured
part in the RGB mode, this word is ignored.
Table 6.3 CMDCOLR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDCOLR
+06H
Color bank, color lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00), non-textured colors
Part
Color mode
CMDCOLR
Color bank mode
Color bank
Textured part
Lookup table mode
Lookup table address
RGB mode
Ignored
Non-textured part
Non-textured color
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Color Bank
· Color banks are bits added to the upper bit when the pixel data of the character
pattern are written to the frame buffer when the color mode of a textured part is
the color bank mode.
· Color bank is specified using 16 bits, but the lower 4 bits must be fixed at "0."
Depending on the color mode, 12, 10, 9 or 8 bits are added. Figure 6.17 shows the
addition of bits.
· When there are 16 bits/pixel, the data is written to the frame buffer as is. When
there are 8 bits/pixel, the lower 8 bits are written.
Fix lower 4 bits of
colorbank to "0".
Bit data of character
pattern for which the
lower bits are defined
is written to the
Written to frame buffer
Color Bank
0 0 0 0
Color bank
16-color mode
64-color mode
128-color mode
256-color mode
Color Bank Upper 12 bits
Color Bank Upper 10 bits
Color Bank Upper 9 bits
Color Bank Upper 8 bits
Fix lower 4 bits of
color bank to "0".
Bit data of character
pattern for which the
lower bits are defined
is written to the
frame buffer.
Written to frame buffer.
RGB mode: Data of defined character patterns is written to frame buffer.
Lookup table mode: Data of lookup table referenced from defined character
patterns is written to frame buffer.
When 16 bits/pixel
When 8 bits/pixel
Figure 6.17 Color Bank
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· The data written to the frame buffer are transferred to the VDP2 as is (16-bit data)
when the data written to the frame buffer become the display buffer in the next
frame.
· Table 6.4 shows the relationship between the color bank, defined character pat-
tern data, and draw frame buffer data.
Table 6.4 Example of Relationship of Defined Data and Draw Data to Color Bank
Note: The shaded areas represent color bank code.
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Color Lookup Table
· Defines the address of the color lookup table.
· When the color mode is the lookup table mode, the 4-bit data of the character
pattern of textured parts is converted to 16-bit pixel data by referencing the color
lookup table, and is written to the frame buffer.
· The color lookup table defines 16-bit color codes for 16 colors. The 16-bit data in
the table is written as is to the frame buffer, and therefore there is no distinction
between palette bank code and RGB code in the character pattern of textured
parts. When read to the VDP2, the code is handled as color bank code when the
MSB of the 16 bits is "0," and as RGB code when it is "1."
· The color lookup table address defines the address/8H of the color lookup table.
Because the color lookup table is defined with 20H-byte boundaries, the two
LSBs of the lookup table address are fixed at "00."
Defined 4-bit data
Drawn 16-bit data
+00H
16-bit data
(0Hcolor code)
+02H
16-bit data
(1Hcolor code)
+04H
16-bit data
(2Hcolor code)
:
:
+1CH
16-bit data
(EHcolor code)
+1EH
16-bit data
(FHcolor code)
:
:
:
:
Character pattern
Frame buffer
16-color color lookup table
specified by table address
The 16-bit data of the color lookup table selected with the 4 bits of the character pattern is written as
is to the frame buffer as pixel data.
Figure 6.18 Color Lookup Table
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Non-Textured Color
· Non-textured color defines the color of non-textured parts.
· In the case of a non-textured part, the non-textured color is written, as is, to the
frame buffer as pixel data.
· Non-textured colors are not related to transparent color codes and end codes.
· When the display mode is 8 bits/pixel, the lower 8 bits become valid. Only
palette bank codes can be specified at this time.
· When color calculation (except shadow) is performed on non-textured parts, be
sure to set RGB code for the non-textured color.
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6.5
CMDSRCA (Character Address)
· CMDSRCA specifies the address that defines the character pattern.
· CMDSRCA is valid for texture draw commands. The address is specified with 16
bits at the top address + 08H of the command table. Set unused bits to "0."
· Specifies an address that defines the character pattern drawn by the texture draw
command.
· This is an address in VRAM of the character pattern to be drawn, and the value
resulting from dividing the address by 8H is specified with 16 bits.
· The character address specifies the top address at which the pixel data of the
defined character pattern is stored. The pixel data of the upper-left point of the
character pattern is at the top address. Even if the character is rotated or inverted
horizontally or vertically, the address of the upper-left point of the defined char-
acter pattern is specified.
· The content of the pixel data of the character pattern is 4, 8, or 16 bits/pixel,
depending on the color mode.
· The size of the table is specified by CMDSIZE (Character size).
· Because the character pattern table is defined with 20H-byte boundaries, the two
LSBs are fixed at "00B."
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDSRCA
+08H
Character address/8H
0
0
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6.6
CMDSIZE (Character Size)
CMDSIZE specifies the size of the defined character pattern. CMDSIZE is valid for
texture draw commands. It is specified with 16 bits at the top address + 0AH of the
command table. Set unused bits to "0."
· The character size is defined in multiples of 8 horizontally (X) and in 1-pixel
units vertically.
· Horizontally, values from 1 to 63 can be specified with 5 bits. Because the size is
specified in 8-pixel units, sizes from 8 to 504 pixels can actually be specified. Do
not specify "0."
· Vertically, values from 1 to 255 can be specified with 8 bits. Do not specify"0."
Vertical size: 1~255 pixels
Horizontal size: 8~504 pixels
Figure 6.19 CMDSIZE
· Table 6.5 shows the relationships between the values defined in the command
table and the number of drawn pixels.
Table 6.5 Relationships between Settings and Drawn Pixels
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDSIZE
+0AH
0
0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Horizontal (X) direction
Vertical (Y) direction
Setting in command
table
Number of pixels
actually drawn
Setting in command
table
Number of pixels
actually drawn
0
Setting prohibited
0
Setting prohibited
1
8
1
1
2
16
2
2
:
:
:
:
63
504
255
255
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6.7
CMDXA~CMDYD (Vertex Coordinate Data)
The coordinates of clipping areas, the point coordinates for drawing sprites and
other coordinates are specified by CMDXA~CMDYD. The coordinates for a maxi-
mum of four vertex (X coordinates, Y coordinates) can be specified. They are defined
in the 16 bytes (8 words) from the top address + 0CH to 1AH of the command table.
Note:
The top bit of the vertex coordinates is a sign bit. A negative value is indicated by
a complement of two. Extend the code with the upper 6 bits.
· Each of the coordinates is specified CMDXA~CMDYD with 16 bits. A negative
value is specified by a complement of 2. The range that can be specified is -1024
to 1023. The upper 5 bits are code-extension bits, and the same value as bit 10 is
written to them.
· The meaning of CMDXA~CMDYD differs depending on the command. Table 6.6
shows the correspondence between the commands and CMDXA~CMDYD. For
more information, refer to the section for each command in chapter 7.
Table 6.6 Correspondence between Commands and CMDXA~CMDYD
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDXA
+0CH
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinates (XA)
CMDYA
+0EH
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinates (YA)
CMDXB
+10H
Code extension
Vertex (B), X coordinates (XA); or display, X width (XB)
CMDYB
+12H
Code extension
Vertex (B), Y coordinates (YA); or display, Y width (YB)
CMDXC
+14H
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinates (XC)
CMDYC
+16H
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinates (YC)
CMDXD
+18H
Code extension
Vertex (D), X coordinates (XD)
CMDYD
+1AH
Code extension
Vertex (D), Y coordinates (YD)
Command
CMDXA
CMDYA
CMDXB
CMDYB
CMDXC
CMDYC
CMDXD
CMDYD
Normal sprite draw command
Vertex (A)
--
--
--
Scaled sprite draw
command
Specify coordinates
for two points
Vertex (A)
--
Vertex (C)
--
(two methods)
Specify fixed point
Zoom point
coordinates
Display width
--
--
Distorted sprite draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Polygon draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex(C)
Vertex (D)
Polyline draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Line draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex(B)
--
--
User clipping coordinate set command
Upper-left
coordinates
--
Lower-right
coordinates
--
System clipping coordinate set
command
--
--
Lower-right
coordinates
--
Local coordinate set command
Local coordinates
--
--
--
Note: "--" indicates unused.
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6.8 CMDGRDA (Gouraud Shading Table)
1. Specifies the address of the Gouraud shading table.
2. The Gouraud shading table address is valid when Gouraud shading processing is
specified for color calculation and is specified with 16 bits at the top address +
1CH of the command table.
3. The address of the Gouraud shading table is divided by 8H and is specified with
16 bits.
4. The Gouraud shading table is a table for Gouraud shading processing, and it
defines the amount of change in the luminances of R, G, and B at four vertices
(two points for lines). The size of the table is 8H bytes (4 words), and the table is
defined with 8H-byte boundaries.
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDGRDA
+1CH
Gouraud shading table/8H
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Chapter 7
Commands
Contents
7.1
System Clipping Coordinate Set Command .................................. 110
System Clipping ................................................................ 111
7.2
User Clipping Coordinate Set Command ....................................... 112
User Clipping .................................................................... 113
7.3
Local Coordinate Set Command .................................................... 116
Local Coordinates ............................................................. 117
7.4
Normal Sprite Draw Command ...................................................... 118
7.5
Scaled Sprite Draw Command ...................................................... 120
Specification of Two Coordinate Points ............................ 120
Specification of Zoom Point ............................................. 122
7.6
Distorted Sprite Draw Command .................................................. 124
7.7
Polygon Draw Command ............................................................... 126
7.8
Polyline Draw Command ............................................................... 128
7.9
Line Draw Command ..................................................................... 130
7.10
Draw End Command ..................................................................... 132
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Commands are determined by the end bit and the command selection bits. Table 7.1
lists the commands.
Table 7.1 Commands
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END
Comm
Function
Command
Bit 15
3
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
Coordinate
set
Clipping
coordinate
User clipping coordinate set
command
1
commands
set commands
System clipping coordinate set
command
1
0
Local coordinate set command
0
0
0
Texture
Normal sprite draw command
0
1
draw
Scaled sprite draw command
0
1
0
Draw
commands
Distorted sprite draw command
1
0
0
commands
Non-texture
Polygon draw command
0
1
draw
Polyline draw command
1
0
commands
Line draw command
1
0
0
0
0
Draw terminate command
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7.1
System Clipping Coordinate Set Command
Clipping is the removal of graphics outside the set display area so that they are not
drawn. Clipping includes system clipping, which sets the drawing area for the
system, and user clipping, which makes it possible to freely set the clipping area
using software.
When the command select bits (bits 3 to 0) are 1001B, the system clipping coordinate
set command is set; when they are 1000B, the user clipping coordinate set command
is set. The contents of the system clipping coordinate set command table are shown
in the following figure.
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0
JP
1 0 0 1
Link specification/8H
0 0
Lower-right X coordinate (XC)
Lower-right Y coordinate (YC)
Note: is ignored.
Upper-left coordinates are fixed at (0,0).
(0,0)
TV
Lower-right
Coordinate
System clipping area
bit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXC
CMDYC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
The system clipping coordinate set command is defined as follows:
· When the end bit (bit 15) is set to 0B and the command select bits are set to 1001B,
the system clipping coordinate set command is enabled.
· The jump mode is specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the ad-
dress of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and is set in
CMDLINK.
· The lower-right coordinates of the clipping area are defined by CMDXC, CMDYC.
The upper-left coordinates are fixed at (0,0). The lines of the rectangle (quad-
rangle) represented by the upper-left coordinates (0,0) and the lower-right coordi-
nates (XC, YC) and inside the rectangle make up the drawing area.
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System Clipping
System clipping coordinates are always valid when drawing, so that outside the set
area is clipped; that is, the area inside the coordinates is drawn.
Clipping processing
is performed in a rectangle. The coordinates are specified by defining the values of
the lower-right coordinates (XC, YC) in the command table, since the upper-left
coordinates are fixed at (0,0).
Because the clipping coordinates are not checked, they should be set in advance so
that XC
0 and YC
0. Operation cannot be ensured if XC < 0 or YC < 0. Points on
the clipping line are treated as being inside the clipping area and are drawn.
The
clipping coordinate set command rewrites the internal clipping coordinate register.
Parts subsequent to rewriting are drawn by referencing those values.
Because this command can be defined in any number in one frame, it is possible to
give part groups different clipping coordinates.
The system clipping coordinates
become undefined after powering on or after resetting, and therefore they must be
set before drawing starts.
(0,0)
System clipping area
Inside the area is displayed
TV
(a) System clipping setting
(b) Incorrect system clipping setting
(lower-right
coordinate (C))
System clipping area
TV
(0, 0)
Operation cannot be ensured
when XC < 0 or YC < 0
(lower-right
coordinate (C))
Figure 7.1 System Clipping
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7.2
User Clipping Coordinate Set Command
User clipping coordinates can be freely set using software. When the command
selection bits are 1000B, the user clipping coordinate set command is enabled. The
contents of the user clipping coordinate set command table are shown in the follow-
ing figure.
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0
JP
1 0 0 0
Link specification/8H
0 0
Lower-right X coordinate (XC)
Lower-right Y coordinate (YC)
Note: is ignored.
bit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Upper-left X coordinate (XA)
Upper-left Y coordinate (YA)
TV
Lower-right
coordinate
User clipping area
Upper-left
coordinate
System
clipping area
CMDCTRL
CMDXC
CMDYC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CMDXA
CMDYA
CMDLINK
The user clipping coordinate set command is defined as follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 1000B, the
user clipping coordinate set command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assign or call, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· The upper-left coordinates of the clipping area are defined as vertex (A)
(CMDXA, CMDYA), and the lower-right coordinates are defined as vertex (C)
(CMDXC, CMDYC). The rectangle (quadrangle) represented by the upper-left
coordinates (XA, YA) and the lower-right coordinates (XC, YC) is the clipping
area. User clipping is enabled, and whether the inside or the outside of the area is
clipped is determined by the draw mode of the draw command for the part.
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User Clipping
User clipping can be selected using software, and it is possible to specify whether or
not user clipping is enabled for each part and whether the outside of the set area or
the inside of the set area is clipped.
User clipping coordinates can be enabled or disabled using the user clipping enable
bit (Clip bit, bit 10 at top address + 04H of command table). When this bit is dis-
abled, the user clipping coordinates become disabled, and parts are only clipped by
the system clipping coordinates. When the user clipping coordinates are enabled,
parts are clipped by both the system clipping coordinates and the user clipping
coordinates.
When user clipping is enabled, user clipping can be set to the inside drawing mode
or the outside drawing mode with the clipping mode bit (Cmod bit, bit 9 at top
address + 04H of command table). When set to the inside drawing mode, only those
parts inside the area set by the user clipping coordinates are drawn; when set to the
outside drawing mode, the area outside the coordinates is drawn. System clipping
is performed regardless of user clipping.
The clipping coordinates form a rectangle. The coordinates are the upper-left coordi-
nates (XA, YA) and the lower-right coordinates (XC, YC), and they are specified by
defining the values of the coordinates of these two points in the command table.
Because the clipping coordinates are not checked, they must be set in advance so
that XA
XC and YA
YC. Operation cannot be guaranteed if XC < XA or YC < YA.
Set the user clipping coordinates inside the set area (including on-line) of the system
clipping coordinates. Operation cannot be guaranteed when the user clipping coor-
dinates are set beyond the set area of the system clipping coordinates.
Points on the clipping line are treated as being inside the clipping area. They are
drawn in the inside drawing mode and not drawn in the outside drawing mode.
Two or more user clipping commands can be set in the same frame. The clipping
coordinate set commands rewrite the internal clipping coordinate registers. Parts
subsequent to rewriting are drawn by referring to these values.
Because the user clipping coordinates become undefined after powering on or after
resetting, they must be set before drawing starts.
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User clipping area
Set so that XA
XC, YA
YC.
TV
(a) User clipping setting
(b) Incorrect user clipping setting
Operation cannot be ensured
if XC < XA or YC < YA.
(lower-right coordinate (C))
(upper-left coordinate (A))
System clipping area
TV
(lower-right coordinate (C))
(upper-left coordinate (A))
System clipping area
User clipping area
Figure 7.2 User Clipping Settings
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User clipping area
Since user clipping is
disabled, the inside of the
system clipping area is
drawn.
TV
(a) User clipping disabled
(b) Inside drawing mode
(lower-right coordinate (C))
(upper-left coordinate (A))
System clipping area
TV
(A)
System clipping area
User clipping area
When user clipping is enabled
and the inside drawing mode
is set, the inside of the user
clipping area is drawn.
(c) Outside drawing mode
TV
(A)
System clipping area
User clipping area
When user clipping is enabled
and the outside drawing mode
is set, the area inside the
system clipping area and
outside the user clipping area
is drawn.
(d) Setting prohibited
TV
System clipping area
User clipping area
Be sure to set the user clipping
area inside the system clipping
area.
Operation cannot be ensured
when it is set outside the system
clipping area.
(C)
(C)
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Figure 7.3 User Clipping
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116
7.3
Local Coordinate Set Command
The local coordinate set command makes the coordinates specified by the draw
command local coordinates, and then makes them drawing coordinates by adding
the value specified by the local coordinate command.
When the command selection bits are 1010B, the local coordinate set command is
enabled. The contents of the command table are as shown in the following figure.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
TV
Local Coordinates (A)
System clipping area
(0,0)
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0
JP
1 0 1 0
Link specification/8H
0 0
Note: is ignored.
bit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Local X coordinate (XA)
Local Y coordinate (YA)
Code extension
Code extension
The local coordinate set command is defined as follows.
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 1010B, the
local coordinate set command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· The local coordinates are defined in CMDXA, CMDYA.
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Local Coordinates
Local coordinates are set in the local coordinate register. The values of the local
coordinates are added to the coordinates specified by the draw command, and they
become the drawing coordinates. Parts are drawn in the frame buffer using the
drawing coordinates as a reference.
When the local coordinates are (0,0), the part is drawn at the coordinates specified by
the draw command using the upper-left corner of the screen as (0,0). When (0,0) is
set approximately in the center of the screen, (160,112) are specified as the local
coordinates.
Because the local coordinates are retained in the register until they are set again, in
order to move the coordinates of several parts and draw them together, the local
coordinates are set before their respective draw commands.
Coordinate comparison in clipping is processed using the value resulting from
adding these local coordinates to the coordinates specified by drawing of the part.
Furthermore, because the local coordinates are not added to the clipping coordi-
nates, the clipping area does not move. Because the values in the local coordinate
register become undefined after powering on or after resetting, they must be set
before drawing starts.
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118
7.4
Normal Sprite Draw Command
The normal sprite draw command draws character patterns in the frame buffer.
When drawing, the character pattern can be inverted vertically or horizontally at the
specified coordinates and drawn.
When the end bit is 0B and the command selection bits are 0000B, the normal sprite
draw command is enabled. Normal sprites cannot be rotated 90
°
. To rotate 90
°
,
specify the distorted sprite draw command. The contents of the command table are
shown in the following figure.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Code extension
Code extension
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
0
MO
CI Cm Me EC SP
Color
calculation
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Frame buffer
Normal sprite
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Gouraud shading table/8H
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
MO = MON, HS = HSS, Pc = Pclp, Cl = Clip, Cm = Cmod,
Me = Mesh, EC = CD and SP = SPD.
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Dir
The normal sprite draw command is defined as follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0000B, the
normal sprite draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· The read direction of the character pattern is set. The character pattern can be
drawn with vertical or horizontal inversion by the specification of the read direc-
tion.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area
and the drawing position of the part.
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· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is speci-
fied.
· Mesh is enabled, end code is disabled, and transparent pixel is disabled. MSB
ON is set to perform shade processing in the VDP2.
· The color mode that defines the character pattern is set. Color bank is specified
when the color mode is the color bank mode. When the color mode is the lookup
table mode, the address of the color lookup table is defined by dividing by 8H.
· Color calculation is specified. Color calculation is enabled in the RGB mode.
When color calculation is not used, replace is specified. When Gouraud shading
is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is specified by dividing by 8H.
Gouraud shading processing is enabled in the RGB mode.
· The address of the character pattern table is defined in CMDSRCA by dividing
by 8H. The horizontal and vertical lengths of the character size defined in the
character pattern table are defined in CMDSIZE. A value divisible by 8 is defined
for the horizontal size.
· The upper-left coordinates of the area to be drawn are defined in vertex (A)
(CMDXA, CMDYA).
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7.5
Scaled Sprite Draw Command
The scaled sprite draw command draws character patterns in the frame buffer.
Character patterns can be drawn at specified coordinates inverted vertically and/or
horizontally, enlarged or reduced, and stretched.
When the end bit is 0B and the command selection bits are 0001B, the scaled sprite
draw command is enabled. When the zoom point is 0000B, the character pattern is
defined by specifying the coordinates for two points. When the zoom point is other
than 0000B, the zoom point is defined.
The scaled sprite can not be rotated at 90
°
.
When rotating 90
°
,
specify using the
scaled draw command.
Specification of Two Coordinate Points (Scaled Sprite Draw Command)
The contents of the command table for specifying the coordinates of two points are
shown in the following figure.
Specification of coordinates for two points by the scaled sprite draw command is
defined as follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0001B, the
scaled sprite draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· The zoom point is set to 0000B. The coordinates for two points are specified.
120
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl Cm Me EC SP
Color
calculation
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Scaled sprite
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Gouraud shading table/8H
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Dir
CMDXC
CMDYC
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
HS
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· The read direction of the character pattern is set. The character pattern can be
drawn with vertical or horizontal inversion by the specification of the read direc-
tion. When inversion is specified twice by the read direction and by the specifica-
tion of vertex (A) (CMDXA, CMDYA) and vertex (C) (CMDXC, CMDYC), the
inversions cancel each other out and the direction returns to the original direc-
tion.
· Set high speed shrink. Specify priority to precision or to speed.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area
and the drawing position of the part.
· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is speci-
fied.
· Mesh is enabled, end code is disabled, and transparent pixel is disabled. MSB
ON is set to perform shade processing in the VDP2.
· The color mode that defines the character pattern is set. The color bank is speci-
fied when the color mode is the color bank mode. When the color mode is the
lookup table mode, the address of the color lookup table is defined by dividing
by 8H.
· Color calculation is specified. Color calculation is enabled in the RGB mode.
When color calculation is not used, replace is specified. When Gouraud shading
is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is specified by dividing by 8H.
Gouraud shading processing is enabled in the RGB mode.
· The address of the character pattern table is defined in CMDSRCA by dividing
by 8H. The horizontal and vertical lengths of the character size defined in the
character pattern table are defined. A value divisible by 8 is defined for the
horizontal size.
· The upper-left coordinates of the area to be drawn are defined as vertex (A)
(CMDXA, CMDYA), and the lower-right coordinates are defined as vertex (C)
(CMDXC, CMDYC). Enlargement, reduction, and stretching are possible by the
specification of vertex (A) and vertex (C). Also, when X of (A) is greater than X of
(C), the part is inverted horizontally. When Y of (A) is greater than Y of (C), the
part is inverted vertically.
· When vertex A and vertex C are set at the same coordinates, they are drawn with
one pixel.
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Specification of Zoom Point (Scaled Sprite Draw Command)
The contents of the command table for specifying the zoom point are shown in the
following figure.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6 5
4
3 2 1
0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl
Cm Me EC
SP
Color
calculation
Code extension
Code extension
Zoom point, X coordinate (XA)
Zoom point, Y coordinate (YA)
Frame buffer
Scaled sprite
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0
0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Gouraud shading table/8H
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
0
0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0 0
0 0
Dir
HS
1
width (YB)
Display
Display width (XB)
Zoom Point
Code extension
Code extension
Display, X width (XB)
Display, Y width (YB)
CMDXB
CMDYB
ZP
Specification of the zoom point of the scaled sprite draw command is defined as
follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0001B, the
scaled sprite draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· The zoom point is specified. When the zoom point is set to other than 0000B, it
becomes the display width specification. When 0000B is set, it becomes the coor-
dinate specification for two points.
· For more information on zoom point, refer to "Zoom Point" in section 6.1.
· The read direction of the character pattern is set. The character pattern can be
drawn with vertical or horizontal inversion by the specification of the read direc-
tion.
· Set high speed shrink. Specify priority to precision or to speed.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area
and the drawing position of the part.
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· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is speci-
fied.
· Mesh is enabled, end code is disabled, and transparent pixel is disabled. MSB
ON is set to perform shade processing in the VDP2.
· The color mode that defines the character pattern is set. Color bank is specified
when the color mode is the color bank mode. When the color mode is the lookup
table mode, the address of the color lookup table is defined by dividing by 8H.
· Color calculation is specified. Color calculation is enabled in the RGB mode.
When color calculation is not used, replace is specified. When Gouraud shading
is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is specified by dividing by 8H.
Gouraud shading processing is enabled in the RGB mode.
· The address of the character pattern table is defined in CMDSRCA by dividing
by 8H. The horizontal and vertical lengths of the character size defined in the
character pattern table are defined in CMDSIZE. A value divisible by 8 is defined
for the horizontal size.
· The coordinates of the zoom point of the character to be drawn are set at zoom
point coordinates (CMDXA, CMDYA). The display width is defined in CMDXB,
CMDYB. The character pattern can be drawn enlarged, reduced, or stretched by
specifying the display width.
· When the value of CMDXB, CMDYB is set to (0, 0), the sprite is drawn as one
pixel.
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7.6
Distorted Sprite Draw Command
The distorted sprite draw command draws character patterns in the frame buffer.
Character patterns can be drawn at specified coordinates inverted vertically and/or
horizontally, enlarged or reduced, stretched, rotated or twisted.
When the end bit is 0B and the command selection bits are 0010B, the distorted
sprite draw command is enabled. The contents of the command table are shown in
the following figure.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5
4 3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl
Cm Me EC
SP
Color
calculation
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0
0
0 0
Dir
HS
1
CMDXB
CMDYB
Vertex (A)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Distorted sprite
Frame buffer
Code extension
Gouraud shading table/8H
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
Vertex (D), X coordinate (XD)
Vertex (D), Y coordinate (YD)
CMDXC
CMDYC
CMDXD
CMDYD
0 0 0
0
0 0
Vertex (B)
The distorted sprite draw command is defined as follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0010B, the
distorted sprite draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· The read direction of the character pattern is set. The character pattern can be
drawn with vertical or horizontal inversion by the specification of the read direc-
tion. When inversion is specified twice by the read direction and by the specifica-
tion of vertex (A), vertex (B), vertex (C), and vertex (D), the inversions cancel
each other out.
· Set high speed shrink. Specify priority to precision or to speed.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area
and the drawing position of the part.
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· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is speci-
fied.
· Mesh is enabled, end code is disabled, and transparent pixel is disabled. MSB
ON is set to perform shade processing in the VDP2.
· The color mode that defines the character pattern is set. Color bank is specified
when the color mode is the color bank mode. When the color mode is the lookup
table mode, the address of the color lookup table is defined by dividing by 8H.
· Color calculation is specified. Color calculation is enabled in the RGB mode.
When color calculation is not used, replace is specified. When Gouraud shading
is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is specified by dividing by 8H.
Gouraud shading processing is enabled in the RGB mode.
· The address of the character pattern table is defined in CMDSRCA by dividing
by 8H. The horizontal and vertical lengths of the character size defined in the
character pattern table are defined in CMDSIZE. A value divisible by 8 is defined
for the horizontal size.
· The upper-left coordinates of the area to be drawn are defined as vertex (A)
(CMDXA, CMDYA), the upper-right coordinates are defined as vertex (B)
(CMDXB, CMDYB), the lower-right coordinates are defined as vertex (C)
(CMDXC, CMDYC), and the lower-left coordinates are defined as vertex (D)
(CMDXD, CMDYD). The relationships between the positions of the four vertices
can be set as desired, and therefore enlargement, reduction, stretching, rotation,
and twist can be specified when drawing the character pattern by the specifica-
tion of vertex (A), vertex (B), vertex (C), and vertex (D). Vertical and horizontal
inversion are also possible.
· When two vertices are set at the same coordinates, the sprite is drawn as a tri-
angle. When four vertices are set at the same coordinates, the sprite is drawn as
one pixel.
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7.7
Polygon Draw Command
The polygon draw command draws quadrangles in the frame buffer. The inside of
the quadrangle is filled with the specified color. When the end bit is 0B and the
command selection bits are 0100B, the polygon draw command is enabled. The
contents of the command table are shown in the following figure.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6
5 4
3
2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl
Cm Me
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Non-textured color
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0
0 0
0 0
1
CMDXB
CMDYB
Polygon
Frame buffer
Code extension
Gouraud shading table/8H
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
Vertex (D), X coordinate (XD)
Vertex (D), Y coordinate (YD)
CMDXC
CMDYC
CMDXD
CMDYD
0
0 0
0
0 0
Filled with
non-textured
l
0 0
0
0 0
0
1 1
Color
calculation
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
The polygon draw command is defined as follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0100B, the
polygon draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area
and the drawing position of the part.
· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is speci-
fied.
· Mesh is enabled. MSB ON is set to perform shade or window processing in the
VDP2.
· The color mode is set to 000B. The color code is set to non-textured color
(CMDCOLR).
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· Specify color calculation. Color calculation is enabled when the non-textured
color is in the RGB mode. When color calculation is not used, replace is specified.
When Gouraud shading is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is
specified by dividing by 8H. Gouraud shading processing is enabled when the
non-textured color is in the RGB mode.
· The upper-left coordinates of the quadrangle to be drawn are defined as vertex
(A) (CMDXA, CMDYA), the upper-right coordinates are defined as vertex (B)
(CMDXB, CMDYB), the lower-right coordinates are defined as vertex (C)
(CMDXC, CMDYC), and the lower-left coordinates are defined as vertex (D)
(CMDXD, CMDYD). The relationships between the positions of the four vertices
can be set as desired, and therefore rotation and twist can be specified when
drawing the character pattern by the specification of vertex (A), vertex (B), vertex
(C), and vertex (D).
· When two vertices are set at the same coordinates, a polygon is drawn as a tri-
angle. When four vertices are set at the same coordinates, the polygon is drawn
as one pixel.
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7.8
Polyline Draw Command
The polyline draw command draws quadrangles in the frame buffer. The inside of
the quadrangle is not filled. When the end bit is 0B and the command selection bits
are 0101B, the polyline draw command is enabled. The contents of the command
table are shown in the following figure.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Code extension
Code extension
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
Code extension
Code extension
CMDXC
CMDYC
Code extension
Code extension
Code extension
Code extension
CMDXB
CMDYB
CMDXD
CMDYD
0
0
0
Pc
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
Vertex (D), X coordinate (XD)
Vertex (D), Y coordinate (YD)
Frame buffer
Polyline
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
+00
H
+02
H
+04
H
+06
H
+08
H
+0A
H
+0C
H
+0E
H
+10
H
+12
H
+14
H
+16
H
+18
H
+1A
H
+1C
H
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6
5
4
3 2 1
0
0
JP
0 1
0
1
Link specification/8
H
0
0
NOTE: is ignored.
bit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MO
C1 Cm Me
Color
calculation
Non-textured color
Gouraud shading table/8
H
0
0
1 1
The polyline draw command is defined as follows:
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0101B, the
polyline draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area
and the drawing position of the part.
· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is speci-
fied.
· Mesh is enabled. When mesh is enabled, the entire sprite may not be drawn
depending on the position and shape of the polyline.
· MSB ON is set to perform shade or window processing in the VDP2.
· The color mode is set to 000B. The color code is set to non-textured color
(CMDCOLR).
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· Color calculation is specified. Color calculation is enabled when the non-textured
color is in the RGB mode. When color calculation is not used, replace is specified.
When Gouraud shading is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is
specified by dividing by 8H. Gouraud shading processing is enabled when the
non-textured color is in the RGB mode.
· When half-transparency processing is performed on polylines, two lines overlap
at each point. As a result half-transparency is applied twice, thus causing original
picture 3/4 + background 1/4.
· When shadow processing is performed on polylines, two lines overlap at each
point. As a result shadow is applied twice, thus causing one half the luminance.
· The upper-left coordinates of the quadrangle to be drawn are defined as vertex
(A) (CMDXA, CMDYA), the upper-right coordinates are defined as vertex (B)
(CMDXB, CMDYB), the lower-right coordinates are defined as vertex (C)
(CMDXC, CMDYC), and the lower-left coordinates are defined as vertex (D)
(CMDXD, CMDYD). The relationships between the positions of the four vertices
can be set as desired, and therefore rotation and twist can be specified when
drawing the character pattern by the specification of vertex (A), vertex (B), vertex
(C), and vertex (D).
· When two vertices are set at the same coordinates, a polygon is drawn as a tri-
angle. When four vertices are set at the same coordinates, the polygon is drawn
as one pixel.
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7.9
Line Draw Command
The line draw command draws quadrangles in the frame buffer. The inside of the
quadrangles is not filled. When the end bit is 0B and the command selection bits are
0110B, the line draw command is enabled. The contents of the command table are
shown below.
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl
Cm
Me
Color
calculation
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Non-textured color
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0
0
0 0
1
CMDXB
CMDYB
Code extension
Gouraud shading table/8H
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
0 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
1 1
1
Frame buffer
Line
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
The line draw command is defined as follows.
· When the end bit is set to 0B and the command selection bits are set to 0110B, the
line draw command is enabled.
· The jump mode is then specified. When the jump mode is assigned or called, the
address of the command table to be processed next is divided by 8H and set in
CMDLINK.
· Set pre-clipping. Specify enable or disable in consideration of the clipping area and
the drawing position of the part.
· The user clipping enable bit and clipping mode are specified. Depending on the
clipping mode, either the outside or the inside of the user clipping area is specified.
· Mesh is enabled. When mesh is enabled, the entire sprite may not be drawn de-
pending on the position and shape of the line.
· MSB ON is set to perform shade or window processing in the VDP2.
· The color mode is set to 000B. The color code is set to non-textured color
(CMDCOLR).
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· Color calculation is specified. Color calculation is enabled when the non-textured
color is in the RGB mode. When color calculation is not used, replace is specified.
When Gouraud shading is used, the address of the Gouraud shading table is
specified by dividing by 8H. Gouraud shading processing is enabled when the
non-textured color is in the RGB mode. Only vertex (A) and vertex (B) in the
Gouraud shading table are enabled; vertex (C) and vertex (D) are ignored.
· Vertex (A) of the line to be drawn is defined in CMDXA, CMDYA and vertex (B)
is defined in CMDXB, CMDYB.
· When the two vertices are set to the same coordinates, the line is drawn as one
pixel.
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7.10 Draw End Command
The draw end command specifies the end of drawing. When the end bit is "1", the
draw end command is enabled. The contents of the command table are shown in the
following figure.
CMDCTRL
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
1
Gouraud shading table/8H
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
· When the +00H address is set to 8000H, the draw end command is enabled.
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Chapter 8
Quick Reference
Contents
8.1
System Registers ........................................................................... 134
8.2
Tables ............................................................................................ 140
8.3
Command Tables ........................................................................... 142
8.4
Commands .................................................................................... 151
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8.1
System Registers
134
TV Mode Selection Register (TVMR)
TVMR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100000H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VBE
TVM
Write-only
V-blank Erase/Write Enable (VBE): bit 3
VBE
FCM
FCT
Change mode
Change time
0
0
0
One cycle mode
Changes every 1/60 second
0
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
0
1
0
Manual mode (erase)
Erase in next field
0
1
1
Manual mode (change)
Change in next field
1
0
0
Setting prohibited
--
1
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
1
1
0
Setting prohibited
--
1
1
1
Manual mode
(erase & change)
Erase with V-blank, change in next
field
TV Mode Select (TVM): bits 2 - 0
Table 8.1 Screen Modes
TVM
Screen mode
Bit
Frame
buffer
Double
Inter-
VDP CLK (MHz)
Bit 2
1
0
Name
Resolution
depth
(bits/pixel)
screen
size
lace
possible?
NTSC
PAL
0
0
0
Normal
(NTSC, PAL)
320x224
320x240
352x224
352x240
16
512H
x
256V
Yes
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
0
0
1
High
resolution
(NTSC, PAL, Hi -
Res)
640x224
640x240
704x224
704x240
8
1024H
x
256V
Yes
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
0
1
0
Rotation 16
(NTSC, PAL
Rotation)
320x224
320x240
352x224
352x240
16
512H
x
256V
Single
only
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
0
1
1
Rotation 8 (NTSC,
PAL
Rotation)
320x224
320x240
352x224
352x240
8
512H
x
512V
Single
only
26.8426
26.8426
28.6364
28.6364
26.6564
26.6564
28.4375
28.4375
1
0
0
HDTV
(31KC, HDTV)
320x240
352x240
16
512H x
256V
No
26.8426
28.6364
26.6564
28.4375
Other
Setting prohibited (do not set)
|
SEGA Confidential
Frame Buffer Change Mode Register
FBCR
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100002H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOS
DIE
DIL
FCM
FCT
Write-only
Frame Buffer Change Mode (FCM): bit 1
Frame Buffer Change Trigger (FCT): bit 0
VBE
FCM
FCT
Change mode
Change time
0
0
0
1 cycle mode
Changes every 1/60 second
0
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
0
1
0
Manual mode (erase)
Erase in next field
0
1
1
Manual mode (change)
Change in next field
1
0
0
Setting prohibited
--
1
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
1
1
0
Setting prohibited
--
1
1
1
Manual mode
(erase & change)
Erase with V-blank and change in
next field
Double Interlace Enable (DIE): bit 3
Double Interlace Draw Line (DIL): bit 2
DIE
DIL
Interlace mode
Draw after next frame change
0
0
Non-interlace/single interlace
Draw all lines
0
1
Setting prohibited
--
1
0
Double-interlace
Only even numbered (EVEN) lines
drawn
1
1
Double-interlace
Only odd numbered (ODD) lines
drawn
Even/Odd Coordinate Select Bit (EOS): bit 4
EOS
Even/odd coordinate select bit
0
Samples only pixels at even coordinates
1
Samples only pixels at odd coordinates
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Plot Trigger Register
PTMR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100004H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
PTM
Write-only
Plot Trigger Mode (PT): bits 1, 0
PTM
Bit 1
0
Drawing mode
0
0
Idle at frame change
0
1
Starts drawing when 01
B
is written
1
0
Starts drawing automatically with frame change
1
1
Setting prohibited (do not set)
Erase/Write Data Register
EWDR
100006H
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
16 bits/pixel
Erase/write Data
8 bits/pixel
Erase/write data for even X coordinates
Erase/write data for odd X coordinates
Write-only
Erase/Write Data: bits 15~0
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Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate Register
EWLR
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100008H
0
Upper-left coordinate X1
Upper-left coordinate Y1
Write-only
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate X1: bits 14~9
Erase/Write Upper-Left Coordinate Y1: bits 8~0
Erase-Write Lower-Right Coordinate Register
EWRR
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10000AH
Lower-right coordinate X3
Lower-right coordinate Y3
Write-only
Erase/Write Lower-Right Coordinate X3: bits 15~9
Erase/Write Lower-Right Coordinate Y3: bits 8~0
8 bits/pixel
16 bits/pixel
High Resolution
Rotated 8
Value set
in register
Upper-left
coordinate X1
Lower-right
coordinate X3
Upper-left
coordinate X1
Lower-right
coordinate X3
Upper-left
coordinate X1
Lower-right
coordinate X3
0
0
Setting
prohibited
0
Setting
prohibited
0
Setting
prohibited
1
8
7
16
15
16
15
2
16
15
32
31
32
31
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
31
248
247
496
495
496
495
32
256
255
512
511
Setting
prohibited
511
33
264
263
528
527
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
40
320
319
640
639
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
43
344
343
688
687
:
:
44
352
351
704
703
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
62
496
495
992
991
:
:
63
504
503
1008
1007
:
:
64
Setting
prohibited
511
Setting
prohibited
1023
:
:
65 and
over
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
Setting
prohibited
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138
Draw Forced Termination Register
ENDR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10000CH
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Write-only
Transfer End Status Register
EDSR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100010H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CEF
BEF
Read-only
· Current End Bit Fetch Status (CEF): bit 1
CEF
End bit fetch status
0
The end bit in current frame has not been fetched.
1
The end bit in current frame has been fetched and that drawing is terminated.
· Before End Bit Fetch Status (BEF): bit 0
BEF
End bit fetch status
0
The end bit in previous frame has not been fetched.
1
The end bit in previous frame has been fetched and that drawing is terminated.
Last Operation Table Address Register
LOPR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100012H
Last operation table address/8H
0
0
Read-only
· Last Operation Table Address: bits 15~0
Current Operation Table Address
COPR
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100014H
Current operation table address/8H
0
0
Read-only
· Current Operation Table Address: bits 15~0
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SEGA Confidential
Mode Status Register
Version Number (VER): bits 15~12
Plot Trigger Mode 1 (PTM1): bit 8
Even/Odd Coordinate Select Bit (EOS): bit 7
Double Interlace Enable Bit (DIE): bit 6
Double Interlace Draw Line (DIL): bit 5
Frame Buffer Change Mode Bit (FCM): bit 4
V-Blank Erase/Write Enable Bit (VBE): bit 3
TV Mode Selection Bits (TVM): bits 2~0
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MODR bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100016H
VER
--
--
-- PTM1 EOS DIE DIL FCM VBE
TVM
Read-only
|
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140
8.2
Tables
Character Pattern Tables
For 4 bits/pixel, 0CH (12) bytes is required.
pixel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+00
H
+ 0
+ 1
+ 2
+ 3
Value is local address from character pattern
+04
H
+ 4
+ 5
+ 6
+ 7
+08
H
+ 8
+ 9
+ A
+ B
For 8 bits/pixel, 18H (24) bytes is required.
pixel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+00H
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+08H
+8
+9
+A
+B
+C
+D
+E
+F
+10H
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
For 16 bits/pixel, 30
H
(48) bytes is required.
pixel
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
+00H +0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+A
+B
+C +D +E
+F
+10H +10 +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +18 +19 +1A +1B +1C +1D +1E +1F
+20H +20 +21 +22 +23 +24 +25 +26 +27 +28 +29 +2A +2B +2C +2D +2E +2F
Figure 8.1 Examples of Character Pattern Tables
Color Lookup Table
+00H
16-bit data
(color code of 0H)
+02H
16-bit data
(color code of 1H)
+04H
16-bit data
(color code of 2H)
:
:
+1CH
16-bit data
(color code of EH)
+1EH
16-bit data
(color code of FH)
Figure 8.2 Color Lookup Table
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Gouraud Shading Table
Table 8.2 Gouraud Shading Table
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Corresponding vertex
Table address
Sprites, polygons, polylines
Lines
Table top address
Vertex (A)
Line start vertex
Table top address + 2
Vertex (B)
Line end vertex
Table top address + 4
Vertex (C)
Ignored
Table top address + 6
Vertex (D)
Ignored
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SEGA Confidential
8.3
Command Tables
Figure 8.3 Command Table
142
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDCTRL
+00H
END
JP
ZP
0
0
Dir
Comm
CMDLINK
+02H
LINK specification/8H 0 0
CMDPMOD
+04H
MON
0
0
HSS
Pclp
Clip
Cmod
Mesh
ECD
SPD
Color mode
Color calculation bit
CMDCOLR
+06H
Color bank, color lookup table/8H (LSB is set to 00), non-textured color
CMDSRCA
+08H
Character address/8H 0 0
CMDSIZE
+0AH
0
0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
CMDXA
+0CH
Code extension
Vertex (A) and X coordinate (XA)
*
CMDYA
+0EH
Code extension
Vertex (A) and Y coordinate (YA)
CMDXB
+10H
Code extension
Vertex (B) and X coordinate (XB)
CMDYB
+12H
Code extension
Vertex (B) and Y coordinate (YB)
CMDXC
+14H
Code extension
Vertex (C) and X coordinate (XC)
CMDYC
+16H
Code extension
Vertex (C) and Y coordinate (YC)
CMDXD
+18H
Code extension
Vertex (D) and X coordinate (XD)
CMDYD
+1AH
Code extension
Vertex (D) and Y coordinate (YD)
CMDGRDA
+1CH
Gouraud Shading Table/8H
+1EH
(Dummy) Skipped during table fetch
+20H
:
Succeeding table
+40H
:
Succeeding table
+60H
:
:
*
Note: The top bit of the vertex coordinate is a sign bit. A negative value is indicated by the complement of
2. Extend the sign for the upper 6 bits.
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CMDCTRL (Control Words)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDCTRL
+00H
END
JP
ZP
0
0
Dir
Comm
End bit (END): bit 15
END
End bit
0
Drawing command or coordinate setting command (other than draw end
command)
1
Draw end command
Jump Mode (JP): bits 14~12
JP
Bit 14
13
12
Jump mode
Processing
0
0
0
Jump next
Automatically jumps to next table (address +20
H
) a
fter this
table is processed (CMDLINK is ignored).
0
0
1
Jump assign
Jumps to CMDLINK table after this table is processed.
0
1
0
Jump call
CMDLINK table receives subroutine call after this table is
processed.
0
1
1
Jump return
Returns to main routine after this table is processed
(CMDLINK is ignored).
1
0
0
Skip next
Jumps to next table (address +20
H
) a
fter this table is
processed (CMDLINK is ignored).
1
0
1
Skip assign
Jumps to CMDLINK without processing this table.
1
1
0
Skip call
CMDLINK table receives subroutine call without processing
this table.
1
1
1
Skip return
Returns to main routine without processing this table
(CMDLINK is ignored).
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144
Zoom Point (ZP): bits 11~8
ZP
Bit 11
10
9
8
Code
Zoom point
0
0
0
0
0H
Specifies two coordinates
0
1
0
1
5H
Upper-left
0
1
1
0
6H
Upper-center
0
1
1
1
7H
Upper-right
1
0
0
1
9H
Center-left
1
0
1
0
AH
Center-center
1
0
1
1
BH
Center-right
1
1
0
1
DH
Lower-left
1
1
1
0
EH
Lower-center
1
1
1
1
FH
Lower-right
Other than above
Setting prohibited (do not set)
Character Read Direction (Dir): bits 5 and 4
Dir
Y
X
Inversion processing
0
0
Not inverted
0
1
Inverted horizontally
1
0
Inverted vertically
1
1
Inverted vertically and horizontally
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Command Select (Comm): bits 3~0
Table 8.3 Commands
END
Comm
Bit 15
3
2
1
0
Function
Command
0
0
0
0
0
Textured draw
Normal sprite draw command
0
1
command
Scaled sprite draw command
1
0
Draw
Distorted sprite draw command
1
0
0
commands
Non-textured draw Polygon draw command
0
1
command
Polyline draw command
1
0
Line draw command
1
0
0
0
Coordinates
set
commands
Clipping
coordinate set
commands
User clipping coordinates set
command
1
System clipping coordinates set
command
1
0
Local coordinate set command
1
0
0
0
0
End draw command
All other codes
Setting prohibited (do not set)
CMDLINK (Link Specification)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDLINK
+02H
Link specification/8H
0
0
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146
CMDPMOD (Draw Mode Word)
bit 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDPMOD
+04H
MON
0
0
HSS Pclp
Clip
Cmod
Mesh
ECD
SPD
Color mode
Color calculation bits
High Speed Shrink (HSS): bit 12
HSS
Processing
0
High speed shrink disabled
1
High speed shrink enabled
Pre-clipping Disable (Pclp): bit 11
Pclp
Processing
0
Pre-clipping with horizontal inversion
1
No pre-clipping and no horizontal inversion
User Clipping Enable Bit (Clip): bit 10
Clipping Mode Bit (Cmod): bit 9
Clip
Cmod
User clipping processing
0
0
User clipping disabled
0
1
Setting prohibited (do not set)
1
0
Inside drawing mode
1
1
Outside drawing mode
Mesh Enable Bit (Mesh): bit 8
Mesh
Mesh enable
0
Draw without mesh processing
1
Draw with mesh processing
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SEGA Confidential
End Code Disable (ECD): bit 7
HSS
ECD
End code processing
0
0
End code enable:
drawing horizontally is disabled when second
end code is read and end code becomes transparent.
0
1
End code disable:
end code is not processed,
color of code is expressed.
1 &
enlarge
0
End code enable:
drawing horizontally is disabled when second
end code is read and end code becomes transparent.
1 &
reduce
0
End code disable:
end code is not processed,
color of code is expressed.
1
1
End code disable:
end code is not processed,
color of code is expressed.
Transparent Pixel Disable (SPD): bit 6
SPD
End code processing
0
Transparent pixel enable:
transparent color codes are not
drawn; transparent color codes
become transparent.
1
Transparent pixel disable:
transparent color code is not
processed, color of code is expressed.
Color Mode Bits: bits 5~3
Color mode
Description
Bit 5
4
3
Mode
Number of
colors
Mode
Bits per
pixel
0
0
0
0
16
Color bank mode
4 bits
0
0
1
1
16
Lookup table mode
4 bits
0
1
0
2
64
Color bank mode
8 bits
0
1
1
3
128
Color bank mode
8 bits
1
0
0
4
256
Color bank mode
8 bits
1
0
1
5
32,768
RGB mode
16 bits
Other than above
Setting prohibited (do not set)
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148
Color Calculation Bits: bits 2-0
Bit
Function
2
Gouraud shading enable bit
1
1/2 original graphic enable bit
0
1/2 background enable bit
Color
calculation
Background
Original
Type of color
Usable modes
(in Bit)
MSB
graphic
Background
calculation
Original
2
1
0
graphic
Background
0
0
0
--
1
0
Replace
Not restricted
Not restricted
0
0
1
0
0
1
Cannot rewrite
Not
Not restricted
1
0
1
1/2
Shadow
restricted
RGB
0
1
0
--
1/2
0
Half-luminance
RGB
Not restricted
0
1
1
0
1
0
Replace
RGB
Not restricted
1
1/2
1/2
Half-transparent
RGB
1
0
0
--
Gouraud
0
Gouraud shading
RGB
Not restricted
1
0
1
--
--
--
Setting prohibited
(do not set)
--
--
1
1
0
--
Gouraud
1/2
0
Gouraud shading +
Half-luminance
2
RGB
Not restricted
0
Gouraud
0
Gouraud shading
Not restricted
1
1
1
1
Gouraud
1/2
1/2
Gouraud shading +
Half- transparent
3
RGB
RGB
Notes
--: doesn't matter
Original graphic: sprite or pixel data to be plotted in non-textured color.
Background: pixel data already plotted in the frame buffer.
1
Original graphic (transparent pixels, end code) is referenced.
2
Data that has undergone saturation processing after Gouraud calculation is reduced by half.
3
Background is added to data that has undergone saturation processing after Gouraud
calculation is reduced by half.
MON Bit (MSB on): bit 15
MON
Processing
0
MSB of pixel data in frame buffer is not changed
1
Sets MSB of pixel data in frame buffer to 1
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CMDCOLR (Color Control Word)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDCOLR
+06H
Color bank, color lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00), non-textured colors
Table 8.4 CMDCOLR
Part
Color mode
Color control word
Textured part
Color bank mode
Color bank
Lookup table mode
Color lookup table address
RGB mode
Ignored
Non-textured part
Non-textured color
CMDSRCA (Character Address)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDSRCA
+08H
Character address/8H
0
0
CMDSIZE (Character Size)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDSIZE
+0AH
0
0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Table 8.5 Relationships between Settings and Drawn Pixels
Horizontal (X) direction
Vertical (Y) direction
Setting in command
table
Number of pixels
actually drawn
Setting in command
table
Number of pixels
actually drawn
0
Setting prohibited
0
Setting prohibited
1
8
1
1
2
16
2
2
:
:
:
:
63
504
255
255
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150
CMDXA~CMDYD (Vertex Coordinate Data)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDXA
+0CH
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinates (XA)
CMDYA
+0EH
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinates (YA)
CMDXB
+10H
Code extension
Vertex (B), X coordinates (XA); or display, X width (XB)
CMDYB
+12H
Code extension
Vertex (B), Y coordinates (YA); or display, Y width (YB)
CMDXC
+14H
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinates (XC)
CMDYC
+16H
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinates (YC)
CMDXD
+18H
Code extension
Vertex (D), X coordinates (XD)
CMDYD
+1AH
Code extension
Vertex (D), Y coordinates (YD)
Note:
The top bit of the parameter is a sign bit. A negative value is indicated by a complement
of 2. Extend the code with the upper 6 bits.
Table 8.6 Correspondence between Commands and CMDXA-CMDYD
Command
CMDXA
CMDYA
CMDXB
CMDYB
CMDXC
CMDYC
CMDXD
CMDYD
Normal sprite draw command
Vertex (A)
--
--
--
Scaled sprite draw
command
Specify coordinates
for two points
Vertex (A)
--
Vertex (C)
--
(two methods)
Specify zoom point
Zoom point
coordinates
Display width
--
--
Distorted sprite draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Polygon draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Polyline draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Line draw command
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
--
--
User clipping coordinate set command
Upper-left
coordinates
--
Lower-right
coordinates
--
System clipping coordinate set
command
--
--
Lower-right
coordinates
--
Local coordinate set command
Local coordinates
--
--
--
Note: "--" indicates unused.
CMDGRDA (Gouraud Shading Table)
bit
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
CMDGRDA
+1CH
Gouraud shading table/8H
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SEGA Confidential
8.4
Commands
System Clipping Coordinate Set Command
CMDCTRL
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Note: is ignored.
bit
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Link specification/8H
Lower-right X coordinate (XC)
0
0
Lower-right Y coordinate (YC)
CMDLINK
CMDYC
CMDXC
Upper-left coordinates
are fixed at (0, 0).
(0, 0)
TV
Lower-right Coordinate
System clipping area
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 0
1
0
JP
User Clipping Coordinate Set Command
CMDCTRL
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Link specification/8H
Lower-right X coordinate (XC)
0
0
Lower-right Y coordinate (YC)
CMDLINK
CMDYC
CMDXC
0
1 0 0
JP
TV
Lower-right
coordinate
User clipping area
Upper-left
coordinate
System
clipping area
CMDYA
CMDXA
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Upper-left X coordinate (XA)
Upper-left Y coordinate (YA)
0
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CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Code extension
Code extension
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
Pc
0
0
0
MO
CI
Cm Me EC SP
Color
calculation
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Frame buffer
Normal sprite
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Gouraud shading table/8H
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
MO = MON, HS = HSS, Pc = Pclp,
Cl = Clip, Cm = Cmod,
Me = Mesh, EC = CD and
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Dir
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
Local Coordinate Set Command
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
TV
System clipping area
(0,0)
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
0
JP
1 0 1 0
Link specification/8H
0 0
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Local X coordinate (XA)
Local Y coordinate (YA)
Code extension
Code extension
Local coordinate (A)
Normal Sprite Draw Command
|
SEGA Confidential
Scaled Sprite Draw Command (Coordinates of 2 Points Specification )
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl Cm Me EC SP
Color
calculation
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Frame buffer
Scaled sprite
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Gouraud shading table/8H
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Dir
CMDXC
CMDYC
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
HS
1
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
Scaled Sprite Draw Command (Specification of Zoom Point )
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Color mode
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link Specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl Cm Me EC SP
Color
calculation
Code extension
Code extension
Zoom point (A), X coordinate (XA)
Zoom point (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Frame buffer
Scaled sprite
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
Gouraud shading table/8H
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0 0
0 0
Dir
HS
1
width (YB)
Display
Display Width (XB)
Zoom Point
Code extension
Code extension
Display, X width (XB)
Display, Y width (YB)
CMDXB
CMDYB
ZP
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7 6
5 4
3 2 1 0
bit
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154
Distorted Sprite Draw Command
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5
4 3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl
Cm Me EC
SP
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Color bank, lookup table/8H (LSB fixed at 00)
Character address/8H
0 0
Character size X/8
Character size Y
0 0
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0 0
0
0 0
Dir
HS
1
CMDXB
CMDYB
Distorted sprite
Frame buffer
Code extension
Gouraud shading table/8H
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
Vertex (D), X coordinate (XD)
Vertex (D), Y coordinate (YD)
CMDXC
CMDYC
CMDXD
CMDYD
0 0
0
0
0 0
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
Color
mode
Color
calculation
CMDSRCA
CMDSIZE
Polygon Draw Command
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
5 4
3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl Cm Me
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Non-textured color
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0
0 0
0 0
1
CMDXB
CMDYB
Polygon
Frame buffer
Code extension
Gouraud shading table/8H
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
Vertex (D), X coordinate (XD)
Vertex (D), Y coordinate (YD)
CMDXC
CMDYC
CMDXD
CMDYD
0 0 0
0
0 0
Filled with
non-textured color
0 0
0
0 0
0
1 1
Color
calculation
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
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SEGA Confidential
Polyline Draw Command
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
Code extension
Code extension
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
Code extension
Code extension
CMDXC
CMDYC
Code extension
Code extension
Code extension
Code extension
CMDXB
CMDYB
CMDXD
CMDYD
0
0
0
Pc
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (C), X coordinate (XC)
Vertex (C), Y coordinate (YC)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
Vertex (D), X coordinate (XD)
Vertex (D), Y coordinate (YD)
Frame buffer
Polyline
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
Vertex (C)
Vertex (D)
+00
H
+02
H
+04
H
+06
H
+08
H
+0A
H
+0C
H
+0E
H
+10
H
+12
H
+14
H
+16
H
+18
H
+1A
H
+1C
H
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7
6
5
4
3 2
1 0
0
JP
0 1
0 1
Link specification/8
H
0
0
NOTE: is ignored.
bit
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
MO
CI
Cm Me
Color
calculation
Non-textured color
Gouraud shading table/8
H
0
0
1 1
Line Draw Command
CMDCTRL
CMDLINK
CMDXA
CMDYA
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Link specification/8H
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1 0
bit
Pc
0
0
MO
Cl Cm Me
Color
calculation
Code extension
Vertex (A), X coordinate (XA)
Non-textured color
CMDPMOD
CMDCOLR
CMDGRDA
0
JP
0
0
0 0
1
CMDXB
CMDYB
Code extension
Gouraud shading table/8H
Code extension
Code extension
Vertex (A), Y coordinate (YA)
Vertex (B), X coordinate (XB)
Vertex (B), Y coordinate (YB)
0 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
0
1 1
1
Frame buffer
Line
Vertex (A)
Vertex (B)
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Draw End Command
CMDCTRL
+00H
+02H
+04H
+06H
+08H
+0AH
+0CH
+0EH
+10H
+12H
+14H
+16H
+18H
+1AH
+1CH
Note: is ignored.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1 0
bit
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Chapter 9
Precautions for Use
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VDP1
· Rotated reading of the frame buffer is prohibited during normal, high resolu-
tion, HDTV, and double interlace.
· The CPU can only access the draw frame buffer.
System Registers
· DMA access of the system registers is prohibited. Word access must be used.
· Be sure to set the system registers after powering on.
· Be sure to set bits not used in the system registers to "0."
· Be sure to set DIE to "0" for rotated reading of the frame buffer. Rotated read-
ing is prohibited in double interlace.
· An undefined screen is displayed in the first frame after changing the DIE bit,
so use caution.
· When changing the TVM bit, the frame buffer must be masked. An undefined
screen is displayed for one frame during the change.
· Set FCM and FCT to "0" during double interlace. The fields can only be
changed when they are 1/60 second.
· Set the erase/write areas so that upper-left coordinate XA is less than lower-
right coordinate XC and upper-left coordinate YA is less than or equal to lower-
right coordinate YC.
Commands
· Local coordinates must be set after powering on.
· The clipping coordinate setting range is from (0, 0) to (1023, 511).
· In the clipping coordinate range, upper-left coordinate XA is less than lower-
right coordinate XC and upper-left coordinate YA is less than or equal to lower-
right coordinate YC.
· Set suitable values for clipping to match the screen mode set by the TVM bit.
· Always set the user clipping area inside the system clipping area. They can be
set on the same lines.
· The upper-left coordinate of the system clipping area is fixed at (0,0) in the
hardware.
· Set unused bits in words used in commands tables to "0."
· Call (call, jump call, skip call) is prohibited in command subroutines.
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· Return (return, jump return, skip return) is prohibited in command main rou-
tines.
· Only 0H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 9H, AH (10), BH (11), DH (13), EH (14,) and FH (15) are
allowed as zoom-point values. Settings other than these are prohibited.
· When HSS = 1, the end codes of the original graphic are ignored whether the
sprite is enlarged or reduced.
· Set the lower 2 bits of CMDLINK to "00"."
· Set the lower 2 bits of lookup tables to "00."
· When setting a color bank, set the lower 4 bits of the color bank data to "0000."
· Set ECD and SPD to "1" and the color mode to "0" for non-textures.
· When calculating colors in non-textures, set the non-texture color using RGB
data (greater than 8000H).
· Set ECD to "0" when the color mode is set to the RGB mode and 7FFFH data
are used for the original graphic.
· Set SPD to "0" when the color mode is set to the RGB mode and 0000H data are
used for the original graphic.
· When the color mode is set to the RGB mode, the frame buffer cannot be set to
8 bits/pixel. The only color modes in which 8 bits/pixel can be set are modes 0,
1, 2, 3, and 4.
· When the frame buffer is set to 8 bits/pixel, set the color calculation mode to
"0." Only replace is possible. Color calculation other than this is prohibited.
· When the frame buffer is set to 8 bits/pixel, the upper 8 bits of non-textured
colors are ignored. The use of RGB data is prohibited at this time.
· When the frame buffer is set to 8 bits/pixel, set the MSB ON bit (MON) to "1."
· When the MSB ON bit (MON) is set to "1," set the color calculation mode to
"0."
· Store command tables to address 000000H of VRAM.
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INDEX
#
(color) lookup table mode ............................... 89
(color) palette code ........................................... 89
1-cycle mode ...................................................... 38
31KC ................................................................... 37
A
access (system registers) .................................. 23
address map ...................................................... 18
B
background ........................................................ 94
boundaries ......................................................... 24
burst transfer (DMA)........................................ 23
byte access (VRAM) ......................................... 19
C
change (manual mode) .................................... 39
character address ............................................ 103
character pattern (each color mode) .............. 90
character pattern ............................................... 60
character pattern table ............................... 26, 60
character read direction ................................... 77
character size ................................................... 104
clipping coordinate set command ................ 109
CMDCOLR ........................................................ 98
CMDCTRL ......................................................... 70
CMDGRDA ..................................................... 106
CMDLINK ......................................................... 78
CMDPMOD ....................................................... 79
CMDSIZE ......................................................... 104
CMDSRCA ....................................................... 103
CMDXA~CMDYD .......................................... 105
color .................................................................... 12
color bank .......................................................... 99
color bank code ............................................... 100
color calculation ................................................ 93
color control word ............................................ 98
color lookup table ............................... 26, 62, 101
color mode ......................................................... 89
command table ...................................... 25, 66, 69
command table flow ......................................... 30
commands .................................................. 71, 109
control words .................................................... 70
coordinate set command ................................ 109
CPU ....................................................................... 2
current operation table address (register) ..... 55
D
disable (end code) ............................................. 86
disable (pre-clipping) ....................................... 83
disable (transparent pixel) ............................... 88
display device...................................................... 2
display range ..................................................... 14
distorted sprite draw command ................... 124
distorted sprites .................................................. 8
DMA burst transfer .......................................... 23
double interlace ................................................. 43
double interlace enable bit .............................. 43
double interlace draw line ............................... 43
draw forced termination register ................... 51
draw command ............................................... 109
draw mode word .............................................. 79
draw procedure flow ........................................ 28
draw end command ....................................... 132
dropout processing ............................................. 9
E
end bit ........................................................... 70, 71
end code disable................................................ 86
erase & change (manual mode) ...................... 40
erase (manual mode) ........................................ 39
erase/write ........................................................ 46
even lines ........................................................... 43
even/odd coordinate selection ....................... 44
F
fetch .................................................................... 29
fetch status (of end bit) .................................... 52
fill data (erase/write) ....................................... 46
fill-in (polygons) ............................................... 10
fixed point (zoom point) .................................. 73
flow (of command tables) ................................ 30
flow (of draw procedure) ................................ 28
frame ................................................................... 38
frame buffer ................................................... 2, 20
frame buffer change mode bit ......................... 38
frame buffer change mode register ................ 38
frame buffer change trigger bit ....................... 38
G
Gouraud shading ........................................ 64, 95
Gouraud shading table ...................... 26, 64, 106
H
half-luminance .................................................. 95
half-transparent ................................................. 95
HDTV ................................................................. 37
high resolution .................................................. 37
high speed shrink ............................................. 81
horizontal inversion ......................................... 77
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162
I
inside drawing mode ............................... 84, 115
interlace mode ................................................... 43
interrupt signal .................................................. 52
inversion (horizontal, vertical) ....................... 77
J
jump assign ........................................................ 72
jump call ............................................................. 72
jump mode ......................................................... 72
jump next ........................................................... 72
jump return ........................................................ 72
plot trigger mode ..................................................45
plot trigger mode register....................................45
point coordinate data .........................................105
polling ....................................................................52
polygon draw command ...................................126
polygons .................................................................10
polyline draw command ...................................128
polylines ................................................................. 11
pre-clipping ...........................................................83
last operation table address (register) ................54
pseudo draw continuation ..................................56
R
read direction (character).....................................77
read/write access (VRAM)..................................19
referencing (of tables) ...........................................31
registers (system) ..................................................34
replace ....................................................................94
reset .........................................................................23
RGB code ................................................................91
RGB mode ..............................................................89
S
scaled sprite .............................................................6
scaled sprite draw command ............................120
screen modes ...................................................14, 37
shadow (color calculation) ..................................94
shadow (MSB ON) ................................................97
single interlace ......................................................43
skip assign..............................................................72
skip call...................................................................72
skip next .................................................................72
skip return ..............................................................72
specification of coordinates
of two points (scaled sprite draw command) .120
specification of coordinates
of two points (scaled sprites) ................................6
specification of zoom point
(scaled sprite draw command) .........................122
specification of zoom point (scaled sprites) ........7
sprite IC ....................................................................2
subroutines (jump call, skip call)..................30, 72
system clipping ................................................... 111
system clipping coordinate set command....... 110
system controller.....................................................2
system registers ...........................................2, 23, 34
L
line draw command ....................................... 130
lines ..................................................................... 11
LINK specification ............................................ 78
local coordinate set command ...................... 116
local coordinates ............................................. 117
lookup table mode ............................................ 89
luminance (Gouraud shading) ........................ 64
luminance (RGB) ............................................... 91
M
manual mode ..................................................... 39
mesh enable ....................................................... 85
mode 0 (color mode) ........................................ 90
mode 1 (color mode) ........................................ 90
mode 2 (color mode) ........................................ 91
mode 3 (color mode) ........................................ 91
mode 4 (color mode) ........................................ 91
mode 5 (color mode) ........................................ 91
mode status register ......................................... 57
MSB ON ............................................................. 97
N
non-textured color .................................... 13, 102
non-textured parts ............................................ 10
non-textured draw commands ..................... 109
normal sprite ....................................................... 5
normal sprite draw command ...................... 118
NTSC system ..................................................... 37
O
odd lines ............................................................. 43
order of priority (frame buffer) ....................... 20
order of priority (VRAM) ................................ 19
original picture .................................................. 94
outside drawing mode ............................. 84, 115
P
PAL system ........................................................ 37
palette code ........................................................ 89
parts ...................................................................... 4
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T
table referencing flow ....................................... 31
tables (in VRAM) ........................................ 24, 59
texture draw commands ................................ 109
textured parts ...................................................... 5
transfer end status register .............................. 52
transfer-over ...................................................... 53
transparent color code ...................................... 88
transparent pixel disable ................................. 88
trigger (draw) .................................................... 45
TV mode selection bit ....................................... 36
TV mode selection register .............................. 36
U
user clipping .................................................... 113
user clipping coordinate set command ....... 112
user clipping enable ......................................... 84
user clipping mode ........................................... 84
V
V-blank erase/write enable bit ....................... 36
VDP1 ..................................................................... 1
VDP1 Functions .................................................. 3
VDP2 ..................................................................... 2
version number ................................................. 57
vertex coordinate data.................................... 105
vertical inversion .............................................. 77
VRAM ............................................................. 2, 19
W
window (MSB ON) ........................................... 97
word access (VRAM) ........................................ 19
Z
zoom point(fixed point) ................................... 73
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